2. Beyond Spectral and Spatial data: Exploring other domains of information GEOG3010 Remote Sensing and Image Processing Lewis RSU

3. Domains of Information spectral spatial angular distance-resolved multi-temporal

4. Domains of Information recap on spectral / spatial consider physical basis for information

5. Spectral - Physical Basis Optical –reflectance varies with wavelength –spectral reflectance of different cover types / properties vary

6. Spectral reflectance Related to: –how much (illuminated) material (seen) –reflectance / absorptance characteristics of materials (+ multiple scattered effects)

10. Leaves Absorbtance by leaf pigments, water etc Acting in different parts of the spectrum

13. Leaves Factors affecting reflectance/transmittance of plant elements  pigment type/concentration  e.g. Chlorophyll a,b - absorb visible radiation  surface features:  hairs, spines, veins, cuticular wax - scattering (e.g. specular)  cell morphology and content  NIR - high refl. due to scattering at refractive index discontinuities (n air = 0; n cell =1.47)  MIR - water absorption features

14. So …attempt to take RS measurement and relate to –cover type different spectral properties) –amount of material (eg vegetation) eg leaf –high NIR, low visible (basis of VIs)

15. Interpretation complicated by: –variations in Sun/view angle

16. Interpretation complicated by: projection of objects –orientation (leaf angle distribution)

17. Interpretation complicated by: projection of objects

18. Interpretation complicated So relationship between eg VI and canopy variables depends on cover type (different canopy structure)

20. Microwave Similar ‘spectral’ concepts (frequency c = f ) again related to amount of material but very much driven by: –water content –size of objects (relative to wavelength) –orientation effect dept. on polarisation

21. Spatial Information ‘texture’ / spatial dependency / context typically use measures of texture –size of objects –orientation –spacing and arrangement

22. Spatial Information Directional texture

23. Spatial Information Use: calculate texture measures –use to discriminate / classify –relate to physical properties (tree spacing etc.)

24. Spatial Information

25. Baringo, Kenya ‘Textures’ from tree density - dense to sparse

26. Measure texture using statistical measure of spatial dependency semivariance

27. Spatial Dependency points at a small distance apart (A-B ; B-C; C-D) are more likely to lie on the same object (have the same properties) than points further apart (A-C; B-D; A-D). Geostatistics

28. Spatial Dependency geostatistics - measure/model spatial dependencies using semivariogram Geostatistics

29. Spatial Dependency at some ‘lag distance’ (h) (spacing between points) the semivariance is: –half of the average (mean) squared difference between the property values at the sample points. Geostatisticssemivariance

30. Spatial Dependency Geostatistics - h = 1

31. Spatial Dependency Geostatistics - h = 2

32. Spatial Dependency Geostatistics - h = 3

33. Spatial Dependency Geostatistics - h = 14 Range of spatial dependency

34. Sill nugget variance

35. Features of the semivariogram Range –range of spatial dependency in data Sill –semivariance at and beyond range (half the scene variance) Nugget variance –extrapolated semivariance at lag 0 –variation at sub-measurement unit

36. Baringo, Kenya ‘Textures’ from tree density - dense to sparse

38. Directional Information spectral depends on illuminated/viewed amounts of material As change view / illumination angles, change these proportions –so change reflectance

39. Directional Information Describe directional reflectance by BRDF –Bidirectional Refelctance Distribution Function e.g. plot as function of view zenith angle:

40. Directional Information

41. Features of BRDF General upwards bowl shape for most biomes retro-reflectance peak (‘hot spot’)

42. Directional Information

43. Features of BRDF Bowl shape –increased scattering due to increased path length through canopy

44. Features of BRDF Bowl shape –increased scattering due to increased path length through canopy

46. Features of BRDF Hot Spot –mainly shadowing minimum –so reflectance higher

48. Features of BRDF Also orientation of leaves etc. –projection –quantify through eg leaf angle distribution

51. Use of directional information Discrimination / classification Green red nir swir

52. Use of directional information Parameterisation of surface conditions –build model of physics of effect of surface properties on reflectence –invert model against RS BRDF measurements

53. Distance-resolved Can determine distance from satellites: –based on time-delay of signal

54. Distance-resolved Can determine distance from satellites: –based on time-delay of signal

55. Distance-resolved eg GPS

56. Distance-resolved EO example: –radar interferometry

57. Distance-resolved EO example: –radar interferometry: assume know satellite position 1 cycle (5.6 cm for C band) ¾ way through half cycle (¾ + ½)x360 = 315 degrees (360 degrees, 2  radians) ¾ way through 270 degrees 2 x d 1 = (N 1 +(¾ + ½))x5.6

58. Distance-resolved EO example: –radar interferometry: 0 way through 2 x d 2 = (N 2 ) x 5.6 2 x (d 2 - d 1 ) = (N 2 - N 1 ) x 5.6 + ((¾ + ½)-0) x 5.6

59. Distance-resolved EO example: position 1: –2 x (d 2 - d 1 ) = (N 2 - N 1 ) x 5.6 + ((¾ + ½)-0) x 5.6 position 2: –point on ground next to current point will have different phase change –if its within the same cycle (height change less than 5.6cm) can tell relative height change between these points very precise (mm)

60. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

61. 11 Feb 2000 (Endeavour) - 11 days 30m DEM of +/- 60 degrees latitude

65. Distance- resolved Measure small change - subsidence

66. Distance- resolved Measure small change - earthquake

67. Distance-resolved LIght Detection And Ranging RAdio Detection And Ranging LIDAR RADAR

68. Distance-resolved LIDAR Send laser pulse from sensor measure round trip time = 2x distance use NIR mostly –atmospheric effects minimised

69. Distance-resolved LIDAR Examples - EA fly aiborne LIDAR regularly for high resolution DEM use first/last return ground height / tree height

70. Distance-resolved - LIDAR

71. Distance-resolved LIDAR Examples - VCL Vegetation Canopy LIDAR NASA mission to fly 2000 waveform LIDAR

72. Distance-resolved VCL waveform LIDAR

73. Distance-resolved waveform LIDAR

75. LIDAR ‘Simple’ form of measurement easy to use (? Simply) doesn’t work (well) on high slopes requires highly-sensitive instrumentation potentials for new forms of information –waveform LIDAR

76. Interferometry Used for number of years –operational (SRTM) different ‘scales’ for different SAR frequencies doesn’t work well (for height) if change between images –wind in forests doesn’t work on high slopes