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Chapter 4 Tissues
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Chapter 4 Histology
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Tissues and Histology Tissue Level of Organization
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues
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Epithelium Characteristics
Consists almost entirely of cells Covers body surfaces and forms glands Has free and basal surface Specialized cell contacts Avascular Undergoes mitosis
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Functions of Epithelia
Protecting Barriers Passage of substances Secreting Absorbing
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Classification of Epithelium
Simple Squamous, cuboidal, columnar Stratified Pseudostratified columnar Transitional Cuboidal to columnar when not stretched and squamouslike when stretched
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Types of Epithelium
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Functional Characteristics
Cell layers and shapes Diffusion, Filtration, Secretion, Absorption, Protection Cell surfaces Microvilli: Increase surface area absorption or secretion Cilia: Move materials across cell surface Cell connections Desmosomes, tight, gap Glands Exocrine: Have ducts Endocrine: Have no ducts
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Cell Connections Functions Types Bind cells together
Form permeability layer Intercellular communication Types Desmosomes Tight Gap
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Exocrine Glands and Secretion Types
Merocrine Sweat glands Apocrine Mammary glands Holocrine Sebaceous glands
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Connective Tissue Abundant
Consists of cell separated by extracellular matrix Diverse Performs variety of important functions
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Functions of Connective Tissue
Enclosing and separating as capsules around organs Connecting tissues to one another as tendons and ligaments Supporting and moving as bones Storing as fat Cushioning and insulating as fat Transporting as blood Protecting as cells of the immune system
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Connective Tissue Cells
Specialized cells produce the extracellular matrix Suffixes -blasts: -cytes: -clasts: Adipose or fat cells Mast cells that contain heparin and histamine White blood cells that respond to injury or infection Macrophages that phagocytize or provide protection Stem cells
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Extracellular Matrix Components Protein fibers Ground substance Fluid
Collagen Reticular Elastic Ground substance Shapeless background Fluid
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Connective Tissue Categories
Embryonic or mesenchyme Adult Loose Dense Connective tissue with special properties Cartilage Bone Blood
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Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar tissue Loose packing material of most organs and tissues Attaches skin to underlying tissues Contains collagen, reticular, elastic fibers and variety of cells
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Dense Connective Tissue
Dense regular Has abundant collagen fibers Tendons: Ligaments: Dense regular elastic Dense irregular Dense irregular collagenous Dense irregular elastic
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
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Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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Connective Tissue with Special Properties
Adipose tissue Consists of adipocytes Types Yellow (white) Brown Reticular tissue Forms framework of lymphatic tissue Characterized by network of fibers and cells
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Adipose Tissue
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Reticular Tissue
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Cartilage Composed of chondrocytes located in spaces called lacunae
Next to bone firmest structure in body Types of cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic
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Hyaline Cartilage Found in areas for strong support and some flexibility Forms most of skeleton before replaced by bone in embryo Involved in growth that increases bone length
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Fibrocartilage Slightly compressible and very tough
Found in areas of body where a great deal of pressure is applied to joints
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Elastic Cartilage Rigid but elastic properties
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Bone Hard connective tissue that consists of living cells and mineralized matrix Organic and inorganic Types Cancellous or spongy bone Compact bone
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Bone
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Blood Matrix between the cells is liquid Hemopoietic tissue
Forms blood cells Found in bone marrow
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Bone Marrow
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Muscle Tissue Characteristics Types Contracts or shortens with force
Moves entire body and pumps blood Types Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Skeletal Muscle
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Cardiac Muscle
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Smooth Muscle
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Nervous Tissue Found in brain, spinal cord and nerves
Ability to produce action potentials Cells Nerve cells or neurons Consist of dendrites, cell body, axons Consist of multipolar, bipolar, unipolar Neuroglia or support cells
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Neurons
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Neuroglia
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Membranes Mucous Serous Synovial
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Inflammation Response when tissues damaged or with an immune response
Manifestations Redness, heat, swelling, pain, disturbance of function Mediators Include histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
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Tissue Repair Substitution of viable cells for dead cells Skin repair
Primary union: Edges of wound close together Wound fills with blood Clot forms Scab Pus Granulation tissue Scar Secondary union: Edges of wound not close Clot may not close gap Inflammatory response greater Wound contraction occurs leading to greater scarring
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Tissue Repair
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Tissues and Aging Cells divide more slowly in older than younger people Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile Arterial walls become less elastic Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in elderly Injuries are harder to heal in elderly
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