1. DEPRESSANTS

2. Depressants Tranquilizers, sedatives, hypnotics. Relax the CNS. Interfere with nerve impulse transmission. Slow down activity of brain, heart. Reduce breathing rate and emotional response. At high doses – Sleep Extremely high doses - Death

3. Tranquilizers Alcohol, valium (diazepam), librium. Reduce nervous tension, anxiety.

4. Sedatives eg. Barbituarates (a class of drugs that are depressants) Soothing of distress. Without sleep. Tranquilizers are milder than sedatives.

5. Hypnotics Produce sleep. Chloral hydrate. Phenobarbitol.

6. Increasing the dose of depressants Normal Relief of anxiety Disinhibition Sedation Hypnosis (sleep) General anaesthetic Coma DEATH

7. Ethanol Fat soluble Penetrates cell, tissues membranes Easily absorbed Mild intoxication (euphoria) Silly behaviour Neurological problems (slurred speach, staggering) Aggressive behaviour Coma Death Alcoholism

8. Alcohol-Other uses Antiseptic Mouthwash

9. Effects of alcohol SocialPhysiological Please take notes using page 416. Short term Long term Synergistic (when combination is more harmful than either drug) Please take notes from pages 416, 417.

10. Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) Mass in grams of alcohol per 100 cubic centimetres of blood. Sometimes listed as a percentage. Alcohol in blood in equilibrium with alcohol vapour in lungs Therefore a breathalyser test can be used

11. Breathalyser Test A redox reaction Potassium dichromate is oxidising agent. Oxidises alcohol to ethanoic acid. Orange Cr(VI) to green Cr (III). Transfer of electrons produces emf.

12. Gas Liquid Chromatography Components move through column at different speeds. Detected and analysed. See page 418 for notes.

13. Infra-Red Spectroscopy IR energy vibrates molecules Each molecule absorbs different range of radiation. Eg OH bond is at characteristic wavelength. See page 418 for notes.

14. Valium Worlds most prescribed drug Sedative Relieves anxiety, tension Inhibits nerve transmission by interacting with inhibitors

15. Nitrazepam (mogadon) Common sleeping pill Also used to control seizures and infantile spasms Phenyl group, fused benzene ring, with a 7 membered heterocyclic ring, secondary amine Compare to valium

16. Prozac Anti-depressant Increases activity of seratonin (a neurotransmitter) Contains amine group

17. Questions 7, 8 and 9 on page 435.