1. Metropolitan Innovation and Governance Networks Bruno Dente Politecnico di Milano presented at the WOW3 conference Bloomington, June 2-6, 2004

2. The research Comparing (and explaining) the level of innovativeness, the governance structure and the social capital dynamics in four Italian metropolitan cities

3. The hypotheses 1. The level of innovation in a metropolis depends upon the density and complexity of the governance network 2. The morphology of the governance networks is affected by the variation of social capital stock

4. In other words…. The periods of innovation in a political system are explained by an external shock (or a particular policy) resulting in a sudden increase of social capital. What is important is not the absolute level but the variation.

5. The theoretical problems: 1. What is social capital? We define social capital à la Bourdieu as the relational capacity of the actors. This implies not only an abstract ability of cooperate but actual co-operative behaviour This implies as well the ability of private actors to engage themselves in the provision of public or collective goods

6. The theoretical problems: 2. What is innovation? We define innovation as the ability to alter either the agenda, the products or the processes of urban policy We adopt a sustainable development approach in which the economic well being is complemented by the preservation of natural goods and by the social inclusiveness of the city

7. The theoretical problems: 3. What is governance? By governance we define the set of actors (public and private, corporate and individual, local and supra or infra local) who participate in the (innovative) policies at metropolitan level The morphology of governance is given by the level of complexity and density of the actors’ network

8. The analytical problems: 1. How to measure social capital? In order to measure social capital we are trying to identify the characteristics of the dominant élite, if any, and assess their resources and capacities. But this is still very provisional

9. The analytical problems: 2. How to measure innovation? In order to measure innovation we have built a matrix that on one axis has the different possible sectors/policies and on the other the agenda, product or process dimension of innovation The more filled are the cells of the matrix the more innovative is the city

10. TYPES OF INNOVATION agenda new issues and new problems product new solutions to old problems process new methods for solving old and new problems symbolic new forms of communication Turin++ + Neaples++-++ Florence+++ + Milan -+++-

11. The analytical problems: 3. How to measure governance? We have selected a sample of 30 different innovation processes in the last 10 years and we have mapped the actors of each process. After a common classification of the actors we have collapsed all the cases in one chart in order to calculate the complexity and density of the governance network

12. National administration Provincial government Other municipalities Multinational and national companies Local technical agencies Universities Voluntary sector Experts Political parties Chamber of Commerce Trade associations Central municipality National technical agencies THE GOVERNANCE NETWORK OF TURIN Regional government Trade unions Citizens groups Central administration field offices Economic and social actors Institutional and political actors Presences 153015 Supra local actors Local Actors

14. First provisional conclusions The first of the two hypotheses, the one concerning the link between the structure of the governance networks and the level of innovation at the metropolitan level, receives some support from the empirical data at least in the comparison between Milan and Turin

15. The cities are similar, Both cities were confronted with the same external shocks: the scandals of the early ’90ies, the Italian financial crisis of 1992, the transformation of the institutional structure (direct election of the Mayor in 1993, dissolution of the traditional majority parties)

16. but.. In Milan - starting from an higher level of social capital (the richness of the voluntary sector) - the crisis was re- absorbed through a traditional adjustement of the political offer (the Northern League)

17. ..while... In Turin – where the crisis was deeper (decline of the motor industry) – this created the conditions for a mobilisation of the civil society (the new mayor and many members of the city government had no previous experience)

18. with the consequence that In Milan the network is more fragmented – in particular in the relationship between the municipalities of the area In Turin is more integrated and created the conditions for the development of further integrative processes (the strategic plan)

19. and the result of A higher level of innovation, mainly in the agenda, process and symbolic dimensions, in Turin A process much more led by the institutions in Turin, while the innovation in Milano very often is promoted outside the official channels and barely tolerated by the city government