1. A Gallery Of Dyadic Concordance Type (DCT) Graphics Murray A. Straus Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire Durham, NH 03824 603-862-2594 murray.straus@unh.edumurray.straus@unh.edu To download papers on DCTs, click http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/ CONTENTS PART A. Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT 1. Physical Assault 2. Injured Partner 3. Sexually Coerced 4. Psychological Aggression 5. Other Maladaptive Behavior 6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization PART B. Correlates Of Being In each DCT 1. Relation of Couple DCTs To Partner Problems 2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

2. PART A Percent Of Relationships In Each DCT 1. Physically Assaulted Partner

3. Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance Types for Minor Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098) 3 Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508. Couple prevalence of assault in past year according to Men 21% Women 23%

4. Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance Types for Severe Assault U.S. National Comorbidity Study (N=8,098) 4 Kessler, R. C., Molnar, B. E., Feurer, I. D., & Appelbaum, M. (2001). Patterns and mental health predictors of domestic violence in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. International Journal Of Law And Psychiatry, 24(4-5), 487-508. Couple prevalence of assault in past year according to Men 6% Women 8%

5. 5 Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2013). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004 Couple Prevalence: 14% Note: Data for parents as reported by students Concordance In Assault Between Parents Of University Students In 15 Nations * 14% of parents had one or more violent incidents when student was 10 * Among this 14%: Predominant pattern was Both-Violent. Next was Father-Only, Mother-Only almost as high Same as slide 11

6. Dyadic Concordance for Any & Severe Assault, 1,157 University Student Couples Comparison CTS Short-Form and Full CTS2 6 Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: 507-520. *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 19% Full Form: 31% ANY ASSAULTSEVERE ASSAULT *Couple Prevalence according to: Short Form: 6% Full Form: 12%

7. 2. Injured Partner

8. Any Injury Perpetrated Medical Treatment Needed % Dyadic Concordance In Injury 180 Couples In Military Treatment Program For Domestic Violence 8 Cantos, Arthur L., Neidig, Peter H., & O'Leary, K Daniel. (1994). Injuries of women and men in a treatment program for domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), 113-124. Couple Injury Prevalence 65%

9. % Dyadic Concordance Types for Injury As Reported By Men And Women Age 24-33 (National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health N=4,795) 9 Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 4% Females: 4% Tillyer, M. S., & Wright, E. M. (2014). Intimate Partner Violence and the Victim-Offender Overlap. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(1), 29-55. doi: 10.1177/0022427813484315 Note: DTs are for the sub group of couples in which there was assault Dyadic Concordance Types Type

10. % Dyadic Concordance In Injury Among 481 University Student Couples 10 Hines, D. A., & Saudino, K. J. (2003). Gender Differences in Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Aggression Among College Students using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales. Violence & Victims, 18(2), 197-217. Couple Prevalence according to: Males: 11% Females: 9% Dyadic Concordance Types Type

11. 3. Sexual Coercion

12. Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance In Past Year Sexual Coercion Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age 18-64 In Six European Cities 12 Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0766-9 Couple Prevalence According to: Men: 23% Women: 19%

13. Male Respondents Female Respondents % Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion As Reported By 2016 Spanish High School Students 13 Fernández-González, L., O’Leary, K. D., & Muñoz-Rivas, M. J. (2014). Age-Related Changes in Dating Aggression in Spanish High School Students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(6), 1132-1152. doi: 10.1177/0886260513506057 dy Of Social Problems annual meeting, New York 8 August 2013.. Prevalence Men= 27% Women= 11%

14. % Dyadic Concordance In Sexual Coercion Among 194 Beijing China Couples 14 Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9343-3 Couple Prevalence: 24% Dyadic Concordance Type

15. Short Form Full Form % Dyadic Concordance In Any Sexual Coercion By 1,157 University Students Comparison of CTS Short-Form with Full CTS2 15 Prevalence Short: 13% Full: 20% Straus, M. A. and E. M. Douglas (2004). "A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for seventy and mutuality." Violence and Victims 19: 507-520.

16. 4. Psychological Aggression Against Partner

17. % Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression Among 194 Beijing China Couples 17 Hou, J., Yu, L., Ting, S.-M., Sze, Y., & Fang, X. (2011). The Status and Characteristics of Couple Violence in China. Journal of Family Violence, 26(2), 81-92. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9343-3 Couple Prevalence: 55% Dyadic Concordance Type

18. 18 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Couple Prevalence: 62% Dyadic Concordance In Frequent Psychological Aggression (50 th & 80 th Percentile) by 6,002 Couples in 2 nd National Family Violence Survey % Dyadic Concordance Types Type Couple Prevalence: 17% 50th Percentile Male Female

19. % Dyadic Concordance In Psychological Aggression By 202 Couples In First Year Of Marriage 19 Prevalence 36% Prevalence and DTs used data provided by partner who reported a greater frequency of psychological aggression Cut point for Psychological Aggression: 3 or more times in past year Panuzio, J., & DiLillo, D. (2010). Physical, Psychological, and Sexual Intimate Partner Aggression Among Newlywed Couples: Longitudinal Prediction of Marital Satisfaction. Journal of Family Violence, 25(7), 689-699. doi: 10.1007/s10896-010-9328-2

20. 5. Other Types Of Maladaptive Behavior

21. 21 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Dyadic Concordance Types For Drunkenness (Any & 3 +) in Past Year 6,002 Couples in the 2 nd National Family Violence Survey % Dyadic Concordance Types Type RespondentsMaleFemale Any Drunkenness Couple Prevalence: 34% %

22. 22 Straus, Murray A. (2014). Dyadic Concordance Types And Discordance In Three Partner Abuse Behaviors And Other Problematic Behavior By Male And Female Partners In A National Sample Of American Couples. Family Research Laboratory, University of New Hampshire. Durham, NH. (For sample description, see Gelles, R., & Straus, M. A. (1988). Intimate violence: The causes and consequences of abuse in the American family. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.) Couple Prevalence: 13% Dyadic Concordance Types For Non-Family Aassault 6,002 Couples in the 2 nd National Family Violence Survey % Dyadic Concordance Types

23. % Dyadic Concordance In Low Social Participation By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 23 Prevalence 62% Mother-father r-=.63 Lows social Participation-Degree of participation of respondent in formal and informal social relationships. Example: About how many times in the past year have you attended meetings or affairs of any local organizations, societies or clubs? 0. 13+, 1. 7-12, 2. 4- 6, 3. 1-3, 4. none. Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32: 457-472.

24. 6. Concordance Between Parents In Child Socialization

25. % Concordance Between Parents In Verbal Affection To Them As Recalled By 2,548 18-25 Year Old Individuals 25  Prevalence Affection by one or the other parent: 83%  Chart shows which parent did it. Polcari, A., Rabi, K., Bolger, E., & Teicher, M. H. (2014). Parental verbal affection and verbal aggression in childhood differentially influence psychiatric symptoms and wellbeing in young adulthood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(1), 91-102. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.003

26. Male Students Female Students % Concordance In Rejection By Parents, At Or Above 60 th Percentile As Reported By University Students In 15 Nations 26 Unpublished data from International Parenting Study. Sample is described in Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), 664-676. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004 Prevalence of childhood rejection of Men: 53% Women: 57% The high rate is because child was classified as rejected if either parent’s rejection score was at or above 60 th percentile. The bars indicate the % of that subgroup in each type

27. 27 Concordance Between Parents in Corporal Punishment At Age 10 of University Students in 15 nations (N=11,408) % Of Families Straus, M.A. Crime by University Students In 15 Nations: Links To Spanking And Positive Parenting At Age 10 By Father, Mother, And Both Parents. Paper presented at the American Society of Criminology annual meeting. Atlanta, Georgia. 22 November, 2013 DT-CP 02

28. % Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., Guterman, N. B., & Rice, J. C. (2010). Use of Spanking for 3-Year-Old Children and Associated Intimate Partner Aggression or Violence. Pediatrics, 415-424. Spanked in past month: 65% Concordance Between Parents In Spanking 3 Year Old Children in The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n=1,997) Dyadic Concordance Type

29. % Dyadic Concordance Types For High Punishment of Child for Dependency By Parents Of 158 Children In 3 rd Grade 29 Percent of children experiencing high punishment: 72% Mother-Father r= -.04 Punishment for Dependency-Rewards and punishments of various intensities administered by socializing agent when child asks for help. Ex- ample: What do you usually do when NAME asks for help? (Each response was rated by three Eron, L., et al. (1961). "Comparison of data obtained from mothers and fathers on childrearing practices and their relation to child aggression." Child Development 32: 457-472.

30. PART B Correlates of Being In each Dyadic Concordance Type 1.Relation of Couple DCTs To Partner Problems

31. WHO Depressive Scale Percentile Relation of Couple Concordance In Assault To Depression Dating Relationships Of University Students In 15 Nations (N=11,408) 31 Dyadic Concordance Type MEN WOMEN  No Violence: Women higher in depression than men  Among Victims: Women victims higher in depression than male victims  Among Perpetrators: Male perpetrators higher in depression than female  Both Assault, i.e. both are victims and also perpetrators: Men higher in depression Straus, Muray A., & Winstok, Zeev. (2013). Relation of Dyadic Concordance-Discordance Types of Partner Violence to Depression of Male and Female University Students in 15 Nations. Paper presented at the Society for the Study of Social Problems, New York. Dyadic Concordance Type

32. Depression Re 32 Dyadic Concordance Type Figure 3. Relation Of Couple Concordance In Assault To Depression Of 1,026 Predominantly Low Income Men Presenting At Urban Public Hospital Emergency Room Rhodes, Karin V., Houry, Debra, Cerulli, Catherine, Straus, Helen, Kaslow, Nadine J., & McNutt, Louise-Anne. (2009). Intimate Partner Violence and Comorbid Mental Health Conditions Among Urban Male Patients. Annals of Family Medicine, 7(1), 47-55. doi: 10.1370/afm.936 Couple assault rate 37%

33. Depressive symptoms Relation Of Concordance In Abuse Of Partner* To Depression At Previous Interview 33 Dyadic Concordance Type Renner, L. M., & Whitney, S. D. (2012). Risk factors for unidirectional and bidirectional intimate partner violence among young adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(1), 40-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.007 * Abuse=one or more times: Threatened assault Assault Insisted on sex Injured partner Men Women Depression mean 9.67 11.1 Abused partner % 43% 50% MEN WOMEN

34. Poor Mental Health (T score) Relation of Dyadic Concordance In Lifetime Sexual Coercion To Poor Mental Health Probability sample of 3,496 adults Age 18-64 In Six European Cities) 34 Dyadic Concordance Type Costa, Diogo, Hatzidimitriadou, Eleni, Ioannidi-Kapolou, Elli, Lindert, Jutta, Soares, Joaquim, Sundin, Örjan,... Barros, Henrique. (2014). Intimate partner violence and health-related quality of life in European men and women: findings from the DOVE study. Quality of Life Research, 1-9. doi: 10.1007/s11136-014-0766-9

35. 2. Relation of Parent Behavior to Child Problems

36. Both Parents Assaulted Dyadic Concordance Type Is Associated With The Highest Probability Of The Child Later Assaulting A Partner, Mother-Only Second Highest, and Father Only Lowest Increase In Probability Dyadic Concordance In Assault Between Parents At Time 1 Percent Increase in Probability Of Assaulting Current Partner Fehringer, J. A., & Hindin, M. J. (2008). Like Parent, Like Child: Intergenerational Transmission of Partner Violence in Cebu, the Philippines. Journal of Adolescent Health, 44(4), 363-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2008.08.012 36

37. 37 Rejection As A Child: Relation Of Concordance Between Parents To Criminal Beliefs Of University Students In 15 Nations % with high score on Criminal Beliefs scale Male students are more likely to have criminal beliefs Effect of rejection is greater for men than for women Criminogenic effect of rejection by mothers and by fathers about the same boys Example of Criminal Beliefs scale question: It is ok to buy something you knew was stolen Dyadic Concordance Types of Parental Rejection * *Rejection measured as scores at above 60 th percentile MEN WOMEN Sample is described in Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2014). Mutuality, severity, and chronicity of violence by Father-Only, Mother-Only, and mutually violent parents as reported by university students in 15 nations. Child Abuse Negl, 38(4), 664-676. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.004

38. % Who Assault ed Dating Partner (Any Assault) The Dyadic Type Make A Difference In the Probability Of Intergenerational Transmission 38 Dyadic Concordance Type MEN WOMEN Straus, M. A., & Michel-Smith, Y. (2012). Relation of violence between parents of university students in 15 nations to student criminogenic beliefs and crime: A comparison of father-only, mother-only, and mutual parental violence Paper presented at the American Society Of Criminology annual meeting, Chicago, 15 November, 2012.  Both-Assault type: Higest intergenerational transmission  Other studies seem to show that it is the Father-Only type because that is the only type studies  Sex of parent by sex of child” effect: For boys, Father- Only more associated with assaulting a partner than Mother- Only DT For girls, mother- only more associated with assaulting a dating partner

39. % Violence Between Parents Is Associated With Child Hitting Parents, Especially If Mother Was the Only Parent Who Assaulted 39 Dyadic Type Of Assault Between Parents Hit Father Hit Mother Ulman, A., & Straus, M. A. (2003). Violence by children against mothers in relation to violence between parents and corporal punishment by parents. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 34(1), 41-60. Fig 3, p. 53

40. In Past Year Relation Of Witnessing Assault Between Parents Early in Adolescence to Non-Family Crime When An Adult 40 Dyadic Concordance Type Assaults by Men Arrests  Both-Violent is most criminogenic  When only one parent assaulted: Assaults by men: Mother- Only & Father- Only had similar effects Arrests: Father- Only more criminogenic than Mother- Only Straus, M. A. (1992). Children as witnesses to marital violence: A risk factor for life long problems among a nationally representative sample of American men and women. In D. F. Schwartz (Ed.), Children and Violence: Report of the Twenty Third Ross Roundtable on Critical Approaches to Common Pediatric Problems (pp. 98-109). Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories.