1. First GURME Air Quality Forecasting Workshop for Latin American project, Santiago, Chile, October, 2003
Atmospheric aerosols in Sao Paulo, Mexico City and Santiago de Chile: Optical Properties, Remote sensing and Sources
Paulo Artaxo, Andrea D. A. Castanho and Carlos Pires Junior Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, University of São Paulo, Brazil.

2. Health Effects of air pollution in Mexico, São Paulo, Santiago and New York

3. The São Paulo Metropolitan Area
Question: Can we do urban air pollution by satellites?

4. The São Paulo Metropolitan Area
Geography
Lat 23o 32’S Lon46o38’O
Altitude 860 m
Peaks with m altitudes surrounding the city
Population: 16,3 millions inhabitants
Climate
Dry winters, rainy summers
Frequent thermal inversions at very low altitudes with high subsidence
Industry
Most developed region in Latin America
Represents 18% of the Brazilian production
Vehicles
About 6 millions vehicles with high emission factors. Old buses, many diesel trucks

5. Estimates of emissions from the main air pollution sources in São Paulo, 2002
1 - Gasolina C: gasolina contendo 22% de álcool anidro e 700ppm de enxofre (massa) 2 - Diesel: tipo metropolitano com 1100ppm de enxofre (massa) 3 - Emissão composta para o ar (partículas) e para o solo (impregnação) 4 - MP refere-se ao total de material particulado, sendo que as partículas inaláveis são uma fração deste total 5 - Ano de consolidação do inventário: Ano de consolidação do inventário: Estas indústrias fazem parte da curva A e B que representam mais de 90% das emissões totais CO: monóxido de carbono HC: hidrocarbonetos totais NOX: óxidos de nitrogênio SOX: óxidos de enxofre MP: material particulado

6. São Paulo 2002 Relative pollutant emissions for each source type – CETESB
Most of the emissions of CO and HC are related to light vehicles, while heavy vehicles account for most of the NOx emissions. Industry is mostly responsible for the bigger portion of SO2 emissions. Heavy vehicles, aerosols, and resuspension account for most of the PM10.
NOx
PM10 CO HC
SO2
Light vehicles
Industry
Heavy vehicles
Ressuspension
Secondary aerosols

8. Wintertime Fine and Coarse Mode aerosol 1997
Air Quality Standard
Cold Fronts Arrivals

9. PM10 diurnal cycle in São Paulo

10. Diurnal Cycle of Black carbon - Winter 1997

11. Ratio of Back to Organic Carbon – São Paulo Winter 1997

12. Diurnal Cycle of BC/PM10 and OC/PM10 São Paulo - Winter 1997

13. Diurnal Cycle of CO, NOx, SO2 and PM10 wintertime São Paulo

14. Summer and wintertime São Paulo fine mode aerosol composition

15. Summer and wintertime São Paulo coarse mode aerosol composition

16. Fine mode aerosol source apportionment in São Paulo
Winter 1997
Summer 1998

17. Coarse mode aerosol source apportionment in São Paulo
Winter 1997
Summer 1998

18. Source Profile for soil dust in São Paulo and Santiago PM10

19. Source Profile for vehicular emissions in São Paulo and Santiago

20. Aerosol size distribution Santiago Pudahuel 2003

24. taerosol tRayleigh+ tOzone t= taerosol + trayleigh + tozone
Aerosol Optical Thicknesss
I l = Io l exp [–t.AM]
t= taerosol + trayleigh + tozone
CIMEL
Iol t
taerosol
Aerosol Layer
tRayleigh+ tOzone
I l

25. AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork)
~200 sites 2003
Several wavelenghts 340, 440, 500, 675, 870, 936
Iniciou basicamente com 20 sites a 10 anos atras 1993 nos EUA e no Brasil (Amazônia)

30. Biomass Burning coves millions of km2
Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

31. Figure from Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

39. MODIS Images of South America

40. Low aerosol distribution situation

41. Aerosols acumulating in Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil

42. AOT 550 nm – Dia 02 220- ilustrativo

43. Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport of PM2
Low Troposphere and Long Distance Transport of PM2.5 and CO – Andes Low Level Jets
720mbar

44. Suppression of low cloud formation by aerosols in Amazonia
Cloud fraction as function of aerosol optical depth (OD). The cloud fraction decreases almost linearly with increasing OD. The red and blue curves denote the average of east and west areas, respectively. On average, the cloud fraction decreases to less than 1/8 of the cloud fraction in clean conditions when OD = 1. The shaded area represents the relative area covered by the respective OD, with the integral of this curve equal to one, representing the total Amazon basin. (from Ilya and Kaufman, 2003)

45. Amazonia Average aerosol forcing clear sky
INDOEX average aerosol forcing clear sky
Top: - 10 w/m²
Top: - 7±1 w/m²
Atmosphere: + 28 w/m²
Atmosphere: + 16±2 w/m²
Surface: - 38 w/m²
Surface: - 23±2 w/m²
Conditions: surface: forest vegetation
AOT (=0.95 at 500nm); 24 hour average 7 years (93-95, dry season Aug-Oct)
Conditions: surface: ocean
AOT (=0.3 at 630 nm); 24 hour average Jan-Mar 99

46. Aerosol Radiative Effects on the Atmosphere
Cooling of up to 3 degrees
Heating of up to 2 degrees
Source: Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

47. Aerosol Particles Radiative Effects on the Surface Temperature Aug 25 2002 16:00Z
Source: Saulo Freitas and Karla Longo

48. Some key points
The use of combined ground based, remote sensing from space and sun-photometers is a new very powerful tool.
Aerosol products with MODIS with 1km resolution is a reality, and MISR with 250 meters will be available very soon.
Ozone, formaldehyde and CO are already feasible with some effort and compromises.
Impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle and in the radiation budget is
very poorly understood and more effort is critical in this area.
High resolution mesoscale models are mature technology, that can be run
in inexpensive Linux clusters in real time.
A coherent and integrated approach for Latin American air pollution studies
is feasible with low resources.