1. Introduction to International Relations International Security Prof. Jaechun Kim

2. Absence of War between Leading Powers The key question concerning ‘intl security’ is whehter sustainable peace is possible. Realism vs. Liberalism The key question concerning ‘intl security’ is whehter sustainable peace is possible. Realism vs. Liberalism The US, Japan, and Western Europe have formed “security community.” The US, Japan, and Western Europe have formed “security community.” What is “security community”? What is “security community”? The major concern of IR has been war and the possibility of war among the ‘great powers’  greatest discontinuity The major concern of IR has been war and the possibility of war among the ‘great powers’  greatest discontinuity But do you agree with this claim? But do you agree with this claim? This does not mean that there won’t be any conflicts between these leading countries… This does not mean that there won’t be any conflicts between these leading countries… Churchill: “People talked a lot of nonsense when they said nothing was ever settled by war. Nothing in history was ever settled except by war.” Churchill: “People talked a lot of nonsense when they said nothing was ever settled by war. Nothing in history was ever settled except by war.”

3. Explaining the Obsolescence of Major Wars Realist Explanations Realist Explanations Some realists are skeptical of this claim… Some realists are skeptical of this claim… Temporary deviation… Temporary deviation… American Hegemony (HST) American Hegemony (HST) Peace is the product of American hegemon Peace is the product of American hegemon Nuclear Weapons Nuclear Weapons *MAD! *MAD!

4. Liberalist answers to obsolescent interstate wars… Liberalist answers to obsolescent interstate wars… Democracy Democracy Economic Interdependence Economic Interdependence Cobden: “Free Trade is God’s diplomacy and there is no other certain way of uniting people in bonds of peace.” Cobden: “Free Trade is God’s diplomacy and there is no other certain way of uniting people in bonds of peace.” Frederick Bastiat: “If goods cannot cross borders, armies will.” Frederick Bastiat: “If goods cannot cross borders, armies will.” MAED! MAED! International Organizations and International Law International Organizations and International Law

5. Constructivist answers?? Constructivist answers?? Role of ideas and changed identity… Role of ideas and changed identity… Through interactions and processes, that is, socialization – they came to adopt norms relating to sovereignty, territory, borders, and conquest…. They overcame security dilemma… their identities have changed… Through interactions and processes, that is, socialization – they came to adopt norms relating to sovereignty, territory, borders, and conquest…. They overcame security dilemma… their identities have changed… It became their inter-subjective (shared) understanding…. It became their inter-subjective (shared) understanding….

6. Changed Nature of International Security Today… How can we define “security”? How can we define “security”? Freedom from threats… Freedom from threats… Traditional concept of (international) security Traditional concept of (international) security Focus was on the security at the national level Focus was on the security at the national level Focus was on national security largely defined in military terms… that is, the military capabilities that states need to deal with the threats coming from outside… Why? Focus was on national security largely defined in military terms… that is, the military capabilities that states need to deal with the threats coming from outside… Why? Because of high frequency of interstate wars… Because of high frequency of interstate wars…

7. But many argue that wars between major industrialized countries are becoming a relic of the past… But many argue that wars between major industrialized countries are becoming a relic of the past… Frequency of interstate wars has decreased dramatically… Frequency of interstate wars has decreased dramatically… Although domestic armed conflicts and civil wars continue to increase… Although domestic armed conflicts and civil wars continue to increase… Warfare is becoming increasingly “communalized…” Warfare is becoming increasingly “communalized…” Individuals and groups are making wars… war- making entities are individuals and groups of individuals… Individuals and groups are making wars… war- making entities are individuals and groups of individuals… Wars = Crimes… Wars = Crimes…

8. Some of these new threats are “asymmetric threats”!! Some of these new threats are “asymmetric threats”!! Human Security (a new security concept!) Human Security (a new security concept!)

9. Human Security Growing obsolescence of interstate wars… now people feel insecure because of other reasons… Growing obsolescence of interstate wars… now people feel insecure because of other reasons… Impact of Globalization – As globalization accelerates in the 21st century, increasing threats, such as the internationalization of internal conflicts, infectious diseases and disparities in world wealth, are not being sufficiently addressed through the traditional framework of national security. Impact of Globalization – As globalization accelerates in the 21st century, increasing threats, such as the internationalization of internal conflicts, infectious diseases and disparities in world wealth, are not being sufficiently addressed through the traditional framework of national security. Global warming Global warming New forms of epidemics… New forms of epidemics… Refugee problems… Refugee problems…

10. The process of Globalization brings in news risks and dangers. These threats to security are largely outside the control of nation-states… The process of Globalization brings in news risks and dangers. These threats to security are largely outside the control of nation-states…

11. Several Characteristics of Human Security Focus has to be on the individual human beings, not on nation states… Focus has to be on the individual human beings, not on nation states… Human security has the characteristic of universality: it is applicable to individuals everywhere! Human security has the characteristic of universality: it is applicable to individuals everywhere!

12. The concept is not limited to human survival; it includes the right to exercise these choices safely and freely… and that they can be fairly confident that the opportunities they have today will not be lost tomorrow. The concept is not limited to human survival; it includes the right to exercise these choices safely and freely… and that they can be fairly confident that the opportunities they have today will not be lost tomorrow. Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression. Safety from such chronic threats as hunger, disease and repression. Protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life - whether in homes, in jobs or communities. Such threats exist at all levels of national income and development. Protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life - whether in homes, in jobs or communities. Such threats exist at all levels of national income and development. States may well continue to invest in traditional defense, but they are not able to deal with new problems properly… States may well continue to invest in traditional defense, but they are not able to deal with new problems properly…