1. Deng Xiaoping ( )
Life after Mao

2. Mao as Ruler A Soviet model of economic development
Liberating and oppressing the masses
Utopian dreams and disasters
Great Leap Forward
Cultural Revolution 1966-mid 1970s
The “Gang of Four”: Ultra-radical faction gains power in mid 1970s.
Mao’s death, 1976

3. CCul
1967 Cultural Revolution poster: Caption reads: “Smash the Old World/Establish a New World”. Worker is crushing a Buddha, a crucifix and classical Chinese texts.

4. Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing, one of the Gang of Four, was the wife of Mao Zedong. She dominated the Chinese arts in the mid 1970s and molding them to her extremist ideology.

5. Deng: Making a Communist Bureaucrat
Grows up in well-off family in Sichuan Province (southwestern China)
To France for work/study education program: "To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China."
The 1500 Chinese students sent to France for this program bred many of the leading Chinese revolutionaries in later years.
Works in factories, including Renault plant near Paris: “The bitterness of life and the humiliating treatment by foremen or capitalist running dogs had exerted a deep impact upon me.”

6. Deng: Making a Communist Bureaucrat
To USSR and “Communist University of Toilers of the East”
Back to China, participates in the Long March of , rises in the ranks of the Chinese Communist Party
At right: Deng in 1941
In Communist regime under Mao Zedong, Deng is pragmatic more than ideological.

7. Deng Xiaoping Purged
At start of China’s Cultural Revolution, Deng is exiled to work in a tractor factory.
Returns to influential position in 1974 but in 1976 is attacked again and loses party leadership role.
1967 Cultural Revolution poster slogan: "Thoroughly pulverize the Liu-Deng reactionary line!“ [Liu was another moderate leader who was purged.]

8. Deng Regains Power
Drawing on contacts in the Communist leadership and disillusionment with radical failures, Deng climbed back to power in the late 1970s
He pushed for the “Four Modernizations”—agriculture, industry, defense and technology
Poster caption: “Struggle to Realize the Four Modernizations”

9. Deng Visits America

10. The “Gang of Four” Goes on Trial, 1981

11. “To Get Rich is Glorious” —attributed to Deng
Economic Reforms
“Socialism and a market economy are not incompatible”
Opening to international trade and investment
Export-led growth
Introduction of profit motive
Special Economic Zones
“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” or Capitalism in a Globalized Era?

12. Billboard in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone

13. An Economic Miracle
China’s economy has grown at about 8% yearly per person for the last 30 years—about a tenfold increase in output per person.
By some measures, China now has the second-largest economy in the world.
When Deng became leader, over half China’s population was poor by global standard. Now the figure stands at 10% or less.
At the same time, there are about 28 Chinese billionaires today.

14. Toward a Consumer Society
1925 Pond’s Cream Ad
1991 Ad—same Product

15. Socialism or Capitalism? Democracy or Dictatorship?
Deng favored moderate reforms in political life but advocated one-party rule by the Chinese Communist Party and a strong role for the Chinese military.
Dissidents continued to suffer repression
1989: Tienanmen Square protests

16. Wall Poster Attacking Deng as an Old Emperor: Spring 1989

17. Tiananmen Square, Beijing, June 5, 1989

18. After Deng Rule by technocrats and party managers
Continued rapid economic growth
Emerging problems
One-child policy and aging population
Energy shortages
Labor repression and discontent
Inequality and continuing poverty
International vulnerability
Growth and environment: China is now the world’s largest carbon dioxide (CO2) emitter.