1. Development of late adulthood.
Dr. Hanan Said Ali.

2. Learning objectives
Identify normal physical changes associated with age.
Describe the Psychosocial Aging.
Explain the cognitive abilities and aging.
Identify the health problems associated with late adulthood.

3. Introduction
The growth of the elder population is characterized by unique and diverse individuals who may require a variety of health care professionals to meet their health care needs.
Gerontology
Is a term used to define the study of aging and older adults.

4. Categorizing of aging population
The old age are categorizing as :
Young –old :
Old :75 – 85.
Old – old : 85 – to 100 years.
Elite old :over 100 years

5. Normal physical changes associated with age
Integumentary system.
Physical changes
* Progressive wrinkling and
sagging of the skin.
* Increased skin dryness.
* Brown “ age spots” in face,
hands, arms.
* Increased skin pallor.
* Slower nail growth and increased thickening with rigid.
* Increased skin fragility.
* Thinning pubic, and axillary hair
* Decreased perspiration.

6. Normal physical changes associated with age
Neuromuscular
Physical changes
* Impaired balance.
* Decreased speed and power
of skeletal muscle
contractions.
* Greater difficulty in complex
learning and abstraction.
* Slowed reaction time.
* Joint stiffness.
* Loss of height.
* Kyphosis, decrease in bone density spontaneous fracture,
osteoporosis
* Loss of bone mass.

7. Normal physical changes associated with age
Sensory / Perceptual
Physical changes
* Decreased sense of taste
especially the sweet
sensations at the tip of the
tongue.
*Cataract that reduces visual acuity.
* Decreased sense of smell.
* Increased sensitivity to glare
and decreased ability to adjust
to darkness.
* Increased threshold for
sensation of pain.
* Partial or complete glossy
while circle around the
periphery of the cornea.
* Progressive loss of hearing
( Presbycusis).

8. Sensory / Perceptual Presbyopia :
The inability to focus or accommodate due to a loss of flexibility of the lens.
Presbycusis
Gradual loss of hearing is more common among men than women.

9. Normal physical changes associated with age
Pulmonary
Physical changes
* Difficult, short, heavy, rapid
breathing ( dyspnea)
following intense exercise .
Decreased ability to expel*
foreign or accumulated
matter.
* Decreased lung expansion,
less effective exhalation.

10. Normal physical changes associated with age
Cardiovascular
Physical changes
* Reduced elasticity and
increased rigidity of
arteries .
* Reduced cardiac output
particularly during increase
activity.
* Increased in diastolic and
systolic blood pressure.
* Shortness of blood in the
extremities.
* Orthostatic hypertension

11. Normal physical changes associated with age
Gastrointestinal Urinary
Physical changes
* Reduced filtering ability of
the kidney & functions.
* Delayed swallowing time.
* Less effective concentration
of urine.
* Increased tendency for
indigestion.
* Urinary urgency and urinary
frequency
constipation.
* Tendency for nocturnal
frequency.
* Gastric irritation.

12. Normal physical changes associated with age
Genitals
Physical changes
* Decreased fimness of
erection.
* Prostate enlargement
* Decreased vaginal
lubrication.
* Shrinkage and atrophy of the vulva, cervix.
* Increased time to sexual
arousal.
* Reduced in secretion.

13. Normal physical changes associated with age
Immunological Endocrine
Physical changes
* Increased insulin resistance.
* Decreased immune
response, lowered
resistance to infections.
* Thyroid function.
* Poor response to
immunization.

14. Psychosocial Aging
The developmental task at this time is ego integrity versus despair.
They view life with a sense of wholeness and derive satisfaction from past accomplishments.
They view death as an acceptable completion of life.

15. Retirement
Many who are healthy continue to work on a full- or part- time basis.
It offers these people a better income, a sense of self- worth.
Retirement can be a difficult time of adjustment, it requires a process of adaptation.
Most elders find many outlets, including jobs, community projects, travel, recreational pursuits.

16. Cognitive abilities and aging
The older adult maintains intelligence, problem solving, judgment, creativity.
Intellectual loss generally reflects a disease process such as atherosclerosis, which cause the blood vessels to narrow and diminishes perfusion of nutrients to the brain.
Memory impairment is more prevalent in persons
over age 85 years.

17. Memory Short –term memory ( at a given moment) Recent memory
( the recent past of minutes to a few hours)
Long- term memory
( longer than 72 hours and usually weeks & years)
In elders, retrieval of information from- long memory can be slower (infor. Not frequ. Used)
Older adults tend to forget the recent past.

18. Health problems Injuries Hypothermia
Fractures
Fire are a hazard for the elder with a failing memory.
Reduced sensitivity to pain and heat.
Hypothermia
A lowered metabolism and loss of normal insulation from thinning subcutaneous tissue decrease the client ability to retain heat.

19. Chronic disabling illness
Many older adults function well within the community without impairment.
Other are affected with one or more chronic illness that impairs their functioning.
Examples:
Arthritis, osteoporosis, heart disease, stroke, obstructive heart disease, hearing and visual alteration.

20. Dementia Is a progressive loss of cognitive function.
The most common type of dementias is Alzheimer’s.
Symptoms:
Decline in memory, learning, attention, judgment, orientation, and language skills.
The symptoms are progressive and exhibit a steady decline in cognitive and physical abilities.
It lasting between 7 and 15 years and ending in death.

21. SUMMARY
&
QUESTIONS ?