1. BELLWORK 1. In five words or less, why did Germany lose WWI? (Does not necessarily have to be a sentence…… be creative!) 2. In his 14 points speech, Wilson addresses the future of Belgium, Austria-Hungary, Serbia, Turkey & Poland. What does he argue about these countries? 3. In points 1-5, Wilson suggests solutions to the problems that started WWI. Summarize these arguments. What should the countries do in order to prevent another conflict? 4. What does Wilson argue in point 14? 5. After analyzing Wilson’s 14 points, which do you feel was the most important in ensuring a permanent peace? Was there anything you feel should have been included? 6. THINKER: In the conclusion of his speech, Wilson states: “We do not wish to injure her [Germany] or to block in any way her legitimate influence of power. We do not wish to fight her either with arms or with hostile arrangements of trade…” How do you interpret this statement? Do you think Wilson intended to punish Germany? If not, why is Germany punished post- WWI?

2. The Treaty of Versailles The establishment of a permanent peace………. Or so they thought

3. The Treaty of Versailles June 1919

4. Paris Peace Conference Paris Peace Conference: January 1919; 27 nations Having been defeated, Germany, Austria & Hungary were excluded Russia formed their own peace with the Central Powers Until March 1919, controlled by “Council of Ten:” leaders & foreign ministers from England, France, US, Italy & Japan Most of Japan’s & Italy’s ideas were rejected, which left the “Big Three” to solidify agreements

5. The Big Four Woodrow Wilson (US) Woodrow Wilson (US) Georges Clemenceau (France) Georges Clemenceau (France) David Lloyd George (Great Britain) Vittorio Orlando (Italy)

6. The Big Four at Versailles in 1919

7. Discussion Make a prediction  What do the allied countries want out of the Treaty? Make a prediction  What do the allied countries want out of the Treaty? Do you think all countries should have been included, even if they were on the losing side? Do you think all countries should have been included, even if they were on the losing side? Do you think the losing side should be punished for their acts/crimes during the war? Do you think the losing side should be punished for their acts/crimes during the war?

8. What did France Want? Security Revenge Reparations Germany should pay for the damage caused by invasion! Clemenceau wanted to make sure that Germany could not invade France in the future.

9. What did Britain Want? Publically, Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti- German at the end of the war. Publically, Lloyd-George said he wanted to punish the Germans. The British public was very anti- German at the end of the war. Privately, he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. Privately, he realized that Britain needed Germany to recover because she was an important trading partner. He was also worried about the “disease from the east…….”, communism. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it. He was also worried about the “disease from the east…….”, communism. Lloyd-George believed that the spread of communism had to be stopped. A strong Germany would be a barrier against it.

10. What did America want? Wilson wanted the treaty to be based on his 14 Points. He believed Germany should be punished, but not severely. He wanted a fair settlement that would not leave Germany feeling resentful The American public & government did not support him. They were fed up with involvement in European affairs (leads to a period of isolationism)

11. Treaty of Versailles On June 28, 1919 the Allied leaders signed the Treaty of Versailles. On June 28, 1919 the Allied leaders signed the Treaty of Versailles. Made up of 440 articles (15 sections) Made up of 440 articles (15 sections) Section I; Articles 1-26: Established the League of Nations Section I; Articles 1-26: Established the League of Nations The remaining 414 articles were dedicated to punishing Germany The remaining 414 articles were dedicated to punishing Germany Reparations (payment for damages) - Reparations (payment for damages) - later fixed at 132 billion marks (~ $442 billion in 2013) Germany signed the “War Guilt Clause” requiring them to take entire blame for the war Germany signed the “War Guilt Clause” requiring them to take entire blame for the war

12. "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility of Germany and her Allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associate Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of a war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her Allies." Article 231 The War Guilt Clause GERMANY ACCEPTED RESPONSIBILITY FOR STARTING THE WAR

13. Terms of the Treaty of Versailles Legal restrictions Legal restrictions former German Emperor, Wilhelm II, is to be tried with war crimes former German Emperor, Wilhelm II, is to be tried with war crimes Establishment of Provisional Government Establishment of Provisional Government Military restrictions Military restrictions Territory restrictions Territory restrictions Loss of debated territories Loss of debated territories created nine new countries out of the former Russian, German, and Austro- Hungarian territories. created nine new countries out of the former Russian, German, and Austro- Hungarian territories.

14. Military Restrictions Army reduced to 100,000 men Army reduced to 100,000 men Prohibited to have tanks or poison gas. Prohibited to have tanks or poison gas. No air force No air force The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships The German navy was to have no submarines or large battle-ships Import & export of weapons is prohibited Import & export of weapons is prohibited Manufacturing of rifles & machine guns was limited Manufacturing of rifles & machine guns was limited The area known as the Rhineland was to be de- militarized. The area known as the Rhineland was to be de- militarized. The Allies were to occupy the debated territories for fifteen years. The Allies were to occupy the debated territories for fifteen years.

15. Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria Military Restrictions

16. Territory Restrictions

18. Germany lost all of her overseas colonies

19. Make a prediction….. How do you think German citizens responded to the Treaty? How do you think German citizens responded to the Treaty? Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war Most Germans believed that the War Guilt Clause was unjustified. The French and British had done just as much to start the war The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. The loss of territory and population angered most Germans who believed that the losses were too severe. Many felt this would cripple the economy Many felt this would cripple the economy How do you think Americans responded to the Treaty? How do you think Americans responded to the Treaty?

20. German Response German protests outside the Reichstag

21. American Response Wilson believed all nations should cooperate to achieve world peace Afraid if Germany was punished too harshly, they may retaliate Wilson’s plans for peace were rejected by Congress

22. American Response Wilson’s personal advisor: Colonel Edward House said the following, Wilson’s personal advisor: Colonel Edward House said the following, “I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris” “I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris”

23. Why did the U.S. reject Wilson’s plans for peace??? At the peace conference in Versailles, the leaders did not accept many of his 14 points--especially France. Wilson was more concerned with preventing future conflicts and establishing lasting peace, France (and to a lesser extant, Britain) wanted a to pay back Germany. At the peace conference in Versailles, the leaders did not accept many of his 14 points--especially France. Wilson was more concerned with preventing future conflicts and establishing lasting peace, France (and to a lesser extant, Britain) wanted a to pay back Germany. Wilson realized he would have to compromise, so he prioritized the creation of the League of Nations, which they agreed on. Wilson realized he would have to compromise, so he prioritized the creation of the League of Nations, which they agreed on. Then, when Wilson came back to the US to try to get the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and join the League of Nations, he faced a lot of opposition from Republican senators. Then, when Wilson came back to the US to try to get the Senate to ratify the Treaty of Versailles, and join the League of Nations, he faced a lot of opposition from Republican senators. Some, the Reservationists just opposed Article X of the League Covenant because they did not want the United States bound to enter wars, and these Reservationists would have passed the Treaty if Article X was amended. Others, called Irreconcilables were simply political opponents of Wilsons, and wouldn't have ever passed the treaty just because they didn't like Wilson. Some, the Reservationists just opposed Article X of the League Covenant because they did not want the United States bound to enter wars, and these Reservationists would have passed the Treaty if Article X was amended. Others, called Irreconcilables were simply political opponents of Wilsons, and wouldn't have ever passed the treaty just because they didn't like Wilson. There wasn't really back and forth with the Democratic congress. The Democrats supported Wilson, the problem was the Republican senators. There wasn't really back and forth with the Democratic congress. The Democrats supported Wilson, the problem was the Republican senators.

24. External Assessments Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3