1. Mutations

2. Review Importance of the Protein Shape –The order of amino acids dictates the shape of the protein –The shape determines the function of the protein. Change the amino acids, change the shape, change the function

3. Mutation-change in the genetic material (what is this) Two types of genetic mutations –Gene mutation-change in the gene sequence (bases) –Chromosome mutation-change in the shape of the chromosome

4. Gene Mutation Types Point Mutation –Change in 1 or 2 nucleotides –Insertion (addition), deletion, or substitution Causes a frameshift –Shift the reading frame or group of codons –THE CAT SAT (take out T of cat) THE CAS AT –May change every amino acids –Protein will not be able to function correctly

6. Chromosomal Mutations Change in the # or structure of chromosomes –Could cause a gene to change location or change the # of gene copies –4 types Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation-break off and attach to a different one

8. Significance of Mutations Neutral/SILENT-little or no effect Harmful/LETHAL-cause dramatic change in protein –Defective genes Beneficial-produce new proteins Gamete mutations-passed on to offspring –Very detrimental Plant and animal breeders take advantage of this

9. Try this Original strand of DNA TTT GCC AGT CAG AGA Make the mRNA. –AAA CGG UCA GUC UCU Make the amino acid sequence –Lysine, arginine, serine, valine, serine

10. Circle the change in the DNA TTT GCC ACT CAG AGA TTT GCC ACT CAG AGA What type of mutation is this? Point mutation; substitution Did it cause a frameshift? no mRNA –AAA CGG UGA GUC UCU Amino acid –Lysine, arginine, stop This is lethal-the protein stops early