1. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman PowerPoint Presentations Pathways for Writing Scenarios: From Sentence to Paragraph, Second Edition Chapter 8 Prepared by Joanna Chrzanowski, Ph.D.

2. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman To understand the value of modifiers, read the sample paragraph and the revised paragraph below: Chapter 8: Using Modifiers to Add Detail

3. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A preposition links its object (a noun or pronoun) to the rest of the sentence. Prepositions often show relationship of time, place, direction, or manner. Prepositions show other relationships as well, usually variations on time, place, direction, and manner. Chapter 8: Using Prepositional Phrases to Add Detail

4. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter 8: Common Prepositions Become familiar with the following common prepositions:

5. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition and the object of the preposition (a noun or pronoun). It may also include words that modify the object: Chapter 8: Prepositional Phrases

6. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Look at how you can use prepositional phrases to add detail to your sentences and expand them: Chapter 8: Using Prepositional Phrases to Expand Sentences

7. To use prepositional phrases effectively, you must also punctuate them correctly: Chapter 8: Punctuating Prepositional Phrases

8. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Another way to add detail to your writing is to use –ing phrases to expand your sentences (running, walking, calling). An –ing phrase functions as an adjective that modifies a noun or pronoun. The phrase walking slowly describes the couple. The phrase sitting on the sofa describes Sally. Chapter 8: Using –ing Phrases to Add Detail

9. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman You can also use –ing phrases to combine ideas from two sentences into a single sentence. Chapter 8: Using –ing Phrases to Add Detail

10. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Remember the following rules for punctuating –ing phrases: Chapter 8: Punctuating –ing Phrases

11. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman A clause is a group of words that has a subject ands a verb. Clauses that begin with who, which, and that are called relative (or adjective) clauses because they relate one idea to another. Relative clauses add variety to your writing as well as interesting detail. Chapter 8: Using Who, Which, and That Relative Clauses to Add Detail

12. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Who, which, and that clauses usually come directly after the words they relate to or modify. Chapter 8: Placement of Relative Clauses

13. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Note the following guidelines for punctuation relative clauses: 1.A relative clause is never a sentence by itself. 2.If the relative clause is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no punctuation is needed. Chapter 8: Punctuating Relative Clauses

14. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman 3.If the relative clause is not essential to the meaning of the sentence, then it should be separated from the remainder of the sentence by commas. Chapter 8: Punctuating Relative Clauses Nonessential Essential

15. Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Chapter 8: Writing Success Tip 8 Avoiding Slang Expressions Slang refers to informal, casual expressions used by specific groups to identify themselves as a group (e.g., teenagers). Slang changes rapidly and is not widely understood by those outside its group of origin. Slang can interfere with effective communication if your reader is unfamiliar with the slang you are suing. It suggests a casualness and familiarity that may be not appropriate for your reader.