1. Social Reform #7 Early Civil Rights Movement African Americans were still fighting for basic rights guaranteed to them in the Constitution

2. Problems African Americans Faced Voter Restrictions –Poll Tax – Pay a fee to vote –Literacy Test – prove you could read & write to vote –Grandfather Clause – exempts a group of people from obeying a law provided they met certain conditions before law was passed

3. Problems African Americans Faced Jim Crow Laws – System of laws that segregated public services by race

4. Problems African Americans Faced Plessy v. Ferguson – “Separate but Equal” (1896) –Supreme Court ruled against Homer Plessy saying segregation was legal as long as separate facilities were equal

5. Problems African Americans Faced Lynching – mob’s illegal seizure & execution of a person, usually by hanging

6. African American Leaders Booker T. Washington – encouraged African Americans to become educated & learn a trade Wanted to work slowly and diligently towards rights – nothing radical

7. African American Leaders W.E.B. DuBois – encouraged Top 10% of African Americans to attend college & become leaders; Also started the N.A.A.C.P.

8. African American Leaders NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People –Worked through courts to gain equal rights for African Am.

10. Our Progressive Presidents Theodore Roosevelt Republican Youngest President Took office after McKinley was assassinated BIG PERSONALITY

11. What Does TR Do? Led fight to dissolve 40 monopolies and became known as “trust buster“ Promised a “Square Deal" or a fair shake for the average citizen – it includes: – regulation of railroad rates and pure foods and drugs. – promotion of the conservation movement, emphasizing efficient use of natural resources.

12. William Howard Taft Republican Promised to continue TR’s ideas Tried but lacked TR’s energy Our Progressive Presidents

13. William Taft Initiated 80 antitrust suits (more than TR!) Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to set railroad rates Submitted to the states amendments for a Federal income tax and the direct election of Senators

14. 1912 Election

15. Woodrow Wilson Anti-trust legislation established a Federal Trade Commission to prohibit unfair business practices. Laws prohibiting child labor; another limited railroad workers to an eight- hour day. Our Progressive Presidents