1. The Reification of Metaphor as a Design Tool

2. Introduction “ Metaphor “  디자인의 중심 요소 * history of ideas behind user interface metaphor ( 교육, 철학, 과학기술 사회학 ) * + 30 년 동안의 HCI 연구자 들의 metaphor 에 관한 연구  New insight and recommendation to future UI Design research

3. Introduction * Previously undoubtedly had a nuanced understanding of metaphor and its relevance to UI design “ Metaphor “  과도한 신뢰 * Defining metaphor is not simple HCI 에서 사용될 때 “ 메뉴 ” 레스토랑에서 음식리스트로부터 하나를 고른다 - 유추 constructing effective metaphors is to some extent a “literary” skill because it depend on the talent and insight of designers to see new analogies, perhaps dawning

4. Intellectual origins of the desktop metaphor 70 Alen kay - 제록스의 PARC  small talk 프로그래밍 언어 개발 ( 그래픽인터페이스 구현 가능 )  알토 (ALTO) 컴퓨터개발 ( 최초로 GUI 개념을 도입 ) 80  스타 (STAR)  리사 (LISA ) 애플  맥킨토시 90  Microsoft window 시리즈

5. XEROX Star workstation 1. INTRODUCTION

6. * Desktop metaphor was not directly motivated by any coherent theoretical stance regarding metaphor, but was chiefly a product of technical and historical contingency * General approach to metaphor - operational approach (educational resource) - structural approach (source 와 target domain 간의 구적적인 관계 평가 ) - pragmatic approach ( 다른 유저의 목표와 메타포 사이의 미스매치, 와해 ) * 엔지니어의 관점에서 사용자를 이해하는 것은 UI 를 구축하고 정의하는데 중요 * Model human processor ( 휴먼 퍼포먼스의 모델 by 제록스의 인지심리학자들 ) 사용자가 친숙하지 않은 인터페스를 사용법을 어떻게 배우는가 ? 를 설명하기위한 휴먼 퍼포먼스에 대한 설명을 behavioral parameter 를 이용해서 일반화 * Mental Model - user’s internal data representation End user 를 위해서 맨탈모델을 디자인 해야한다 Intellectual origins of the desktop metaphor

7. stage Enactive ( 행동 ) 마우스 Iconic( 이미지 ) 그래픽 아이콘, 메뉴사용 Symbolic( 의미 ) 컴퓨터언어를 통해 전반적인 컴퓨터 작동 체계의 의미 이해 * 이러한 학습이론을 바탕으로 컴퓨터 인터페이스의 개념과 이미지를 통 하여 컴퓨터 작동의 의미를 전달 ( 엘렌케이 ) Intellectual origins of the desktop metaphor

8. Reifying Metaphor as a visual communication channel * Metaphor – 비주얼 커뮤니케이션 채널 디자이너는 효율적인 mental model 을 사용자의 머리로 빠르게 전달하도록 * Novice – 새로운 이해를 받아들이는 것에 비교적 수동적 구체적인 비주얼 metaphor 는 정보를 그냥 받아들이는 것보다 새로운 해석 구축이나 발견 때문에 불편  효율적인 접근 : 이미 필요한 정보를 가지고 있는 전문가는 “ bypass” metaphor 사용 mac 전문가 유저에게는 적합하지 않을 수도 있다 (PC/DOS) * Poor metaphor were those in which children wasted time “off –task” instead of being guided to follow prescriptive curricula. Reified metaphors in the growth of the desktop

9. * the dual nature of HCI as both a research and design * Designers work with tools, and researchers create theories. However, in HCI, both designers and researchers make “products”. * lead to reification of the abstract ideal types in actual case studies. * The demo culture of research presumes that a realized design embodies metaphorical and other theories. (the MIT Media Lab - “demo or die”) * The reification of metaphor, and of many theories in HCI, has been carried out through the exhibition of design work. THE TOOLS OF HCI AS REIFICATIONS OF METAPHOR

10. * The virtual environment metaphor –The 2-D graphical interface no longer strikes us, but at the 2003 workshop, many participants remained concerned with three dimensions. –They described the “desktop” depicted on the screen as if it were an actual 3-D space (despite the commercial failure of systems such as Bob and Magic Cap that did this literally, and the lack of proof that 3-D metaphor prototypes provide measurable benefits [Cockburn and McKenzie 2002]). * the metaphor of the communications center –involves the computer acting as a social agent, perhaps even a conversational partner. THE TOOLS OF HCI AS REIFICATIONS OF METAPHOR

11. * First, researchers were motivated by an ideal of completely natural, intuitive interaction. * Second, they hoped that it might be possible to prescribe a methodology for metaphorical design. * Third, they wanted to create user experiences that are rich, creative, and affectively satisfying. Graphic designers were described as being unaware of the importance of mental models, and of naively confusing the visual image with the resultant mental image. Creative metaphor may continue to be a useful generative tool for the designer, but an even more significant change would be to recognize its value as a creative experience for the user. THE TOOLS OF HCI AS REIFICATIONS OF METAPHOR