1. Overcoming the challenges of INDC preparation: experiences and lessons learned 28 August 2015 NewClimate Institute Thomas Day Niklas Höhne Markus Hagemann Frauke Röser Marie Kurdziel Sara Becerra Sofia Gonzalez www.newclimate.org

2. 2 This presentation report was prepared by NewClimate Institute on behalf of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the United Nations Development Project (UNDP), under the project Experiences and lessons learned in the preparation of INDCs. The contents express the views of the authors and participating country representatives, and do not necessarily represent the views of the UNFCCC or UNDP.Experiences and lessons learned in the preparation of INDCs The country-level data and information contained in this document are based upon publically available information, and information provided by country representatives for the purpose of this research activity. Usage rights: Unlimited re-use of this presentation report for all purposes is allowed only in its current format, without changes made to content or design. Usage of information in this document is allowed when cited.

3. www.newclimate.org3 Abbreviations BURBiennial Update Report CDMClean Development Mechanism GHGGreenhouse gas INDCIntended Nationally Determined Contribution LEDSLow Emissions Development Strategy NAMANationally Appropriate Mitigation Action NAPNational Adaptation Plans TNATechnology Needs Assessment UNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

4. www.newclimate.org4 Contents Introduction5 Challenge: What to include in INDCs9 1.1 What types of mitigation commitments are countries using in their INDCs?11 1.2 What is the typical format of mitigation commitments in INDC documents?14 1.3 How are different countries including adaptation in their INDCs?16 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity20 2.1 How are countries determining their sectoral scope?21 2.2 How are countries building upon their existing knowledge and processes?23 2.3 How can an assessment of co-benefits inform the design of an INDC?27 2.4 How can the split between unconditional and conditional contributions be determined?29 2.5 What are the best practices for the assessment of equity and ambition?31 Challenge: Securing broad participation and support34 3.1 How have countries obtained and benefited from high-level support35 3.2 How have countries ensured cross-ministerial coordination?36 3.3 What are good practices for INDC stakeholder consultation? 37 Opportunities 39

5. www.newclimate.org5 Introduction Context Methodology: 1)Collection of information through online surveys and detailed interviews 2)Analysis of information to distil lessons learned and relevant knowledge for international processes 3)Multiple knowledge sharing activities Objective of this presentation Enable knowledge sharing, peer-to-peer learning and identification of good practices for INDC preparation through analysis of approaches and progress worldwide. Statistics: Data collected from 125 countries; updated monthly from February to July 2015 44 detailed interviews with high-level country representatives Coverage includes countries from all regions and levels of economic development The global challenge: Achievement of an ambitious global climate agreement at COP21 The national challenge: Development of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs)

6. www.newclimate.org6 Introduction Planned submissions  22 submissions received – approx. 60% of emissions  End of August: 66% of emissions expected  End of September: 76% of emissions expected  End of October: Up to at least 80 submissions - 83% of emissions expected Source: http://files.newclimate.org/indc-preparation-progress/http://files.newclimate.org/indc-preparation-progress/

7. www.newclimate.org7 Introduction Challenges in the preparation of INDCs Countries report 5 major challenges: “Too short timeframes for undertaking processes” (88%) “Lack of certainty on what to be included in INDCs” (71%) “Limited expertise for assessing mitigation options” (71%) “Securing high-level political support” (61%) “Lack of understanding in other sectors/ ministries” (59%)

8. www.newclimate.org8 Introduction Opportunities in the preparation of INDCs Countries report opportunities: “Improved international communication” “Enhanced engagement of stakeholders in climate change planning” “Acceleration of national climate change policy process” “Improved national processes” “Improved domestic communication between government, CSO and public”

9. www.newclimate.org9 Introduction What can be learned from experiences in other countries? Experiences and lessons learned 1.What to include in INDCs (Lack of certainty on what to be included in INDCs) 2.How to mitigate limited capacity (Limited expertise for assessing mitigation options) (Too short timeframes for undertaking processes) 3.How to secure broad participation and support (Securing high-level political support) (Lack of understanding in other sectors/ ministries) 4.What benefits can be gained from the INDC process?

10. www.newclimate.org10 1. What to include in INDCs Barrier Lack of certainty on what to be included in INDCs (based on responses from 44 countries) 0%25% 50%75% 100% What types of mitigation commitments are countries using in their INDCs? What is the typical format of mitigation commitments in INDC documents? How are different countries including adaptation in their INDCs? Topics covered

11. www.newclimate.org11 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1 What can we learn from existing INDC submissions? Overview of existing submissions Coverage: Countries cover a range of regions and income levels. INDC types: Most are based on economy-wide GHG targets; less than half of all Parties are eventually expected to include these. Mitigation and adaptation: All focus primarily on mitigation; of 22 INDC submissions, 13 have included adaptation; EU and US have submitted separate documents on adaptation; over 50% of countries are expected to include an adaptation component. Conditional INDCs: Mexico’s and Morocco’s INDCs are existing examples that include both an unconditional and a conditional contribution. For Ethiopia, the distinction between supported and unsupported elements will come at a later stage.

12. www.newclimate.org12 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.1 Type of mitigation contributions PartyINDC Type (mitigation)TargetRef. Point AndorraSectoral GHG target - BAU37% GHG reduction by 2030BAU CanadaEconomy-wide GHG target – BY30% GHG reduction by 20302005 ChinaDecarbonisation indicator Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 60-65% by 2030 2005 EthiopiaEconomy wide GHG target – BAU64% GHG reduction by 2030BAU EUEconomy-wide GHG target - BY40% GHG reduction by 20301990 GabonEconomy wide GHG target - BAU50% GHG reduction by 2025BAU IcelandEconomy-wide GHG target - BY40% GHG reduction by 20301990 JapanEconomy-wide GHG target - BY26% GHG reduction by 20302013 KenyaEconomy-wide GHG target - BAU30% GHG reduction by 2030BAU LiechtensteinEconomy-wide GHG target - BY40% GHG reduction by 20301990 Summary of INDCs submitted by June 11 2015 + = Unconditional contribution ++ = Conditional contribution BY = target is relative to a Base YearBAU = target is relative to a Business As Usual trajectory Table 1 (Page 1/2): Overview of existing submissions Existing mitigation contributions

13. www.newclimate.org13 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.1 Type of mitigation contributions PartyINDC Type (mitigation)TargetRef. Point Marshall IslandsEconomy-wide GHG target - BY32% GHG reduction by 20252010 MexicoEconomy-wide GHG target - BAU25% + / 40% ++ GHG & SLCP reduction by 2030BAU MonacoEconomy-wide GHG target - BY50% GHG reduction by 20301990 MoroccoEconomy wide GHG target - BAU13% + / 32% ++ GHG reduction by 2030BAU New ZealandEconomy-wide GHG target - BY30% GHG reduction by 20302005 NorwayEconomy-wide GHG target - BY40% GHG reduction by 20301990 Republic of KoreaEconomy-wide GHG target - BAU37% GHG reduction by 2030BAU RussiaEconomy-wide GHG target - BYLimit GHGs to 70-75% by 20301990 SerbiaEconomy-wide GHG target - BY9.8% GHG reduction by 20301990 SingaporeDecarbonisation indicator Reduce emissions intensity of GDP by 36% by 2030 2005 Summary of INDCs submitted by June 11 2015 + = Unconditional contribution ++ = Conditional contribution BY = target is relative to a Base YearBAU = target is relative to a Business As Usual trajectory Table 1 (Page 2/2): Overview of existing submissions Existing mitigation contributions

14. www.newclimate.org14 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.1 Type of mitigation contributions Existing mitigation contributions Most existing submissions are from industrialised countries Most existing submissions include economy wide GHG targets, although are expected to use this approach Figure 1: Type of contribution in existing INDCs Figure 2: Regional coverage of existing INDCs

15. Format and content of submissions as to mitigation: www.newclimate.org15 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.2 Format of mitigation contributions Elements: Most existing submissions include a number of the same elements Key information on the INDC (summary, ref. point, scope and coverage, methodological details) is included in all submissions. Other elements are found in most submissions. Typical level of detail: Short, concise information. Ca. 5 pages in total. Typical format: Highlighted summaries followed by details in tabular format (e.g. EU, Norway, Switzerland, Mexico, Russia). www.newclimate.org15

16. www.newclimate.org 16 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.2 Format of mitigation contributions Format component commonly included in existing submissionsExamples Concise 1 sentence summary of the targetLiechtenstein, EU, US, Switzerland Reference pointAndorra, Mexico and Gabon for BAU Scope and coverageEU, Norway, US, Russia Methodological approaches including LULUCFEU Further technical details of the INDCEU Long-term goals, stated but not major focusNorway, US, Mexico Legislative planning processRussia, Norway Fairness, ambition and convention objectiveSee section 1.4 Additional conditional contributionMexico, Morocco (see section 2.5) Finance requirementsGabon Adaptation componentMexico, Morocco, Ethiopia and Gabon Gender considerationsMexico Table 2: Major elements included in existing INDCs and useful examples for their formatting. See Notes for details

17. www.newclimate.org17 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.3 How are different countries including adaptation in their INDCs? (based on responses from 159 countries) Countries were asked to indicate whether they agree or disagree that adaptation plans would form a major component of their INDC:

18. Format and content of submissions as to adaptation: www.newclimate.org18 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.3 How are different countries including adaptation in their INDCs? Some countries consider the adaptation component to be on equal footing with the mitigation component; however, most countries focus on mitigation and secondly on adaptation in their INDCs. Countries follow very different approaches with regard to format and contents of the adaptation component of their INDCs. Format: addressed in single chapter (and sub-chapters); integrated into tabular format; included in annex; included in NatCom; separate document on adaptation Elements: long- and short-term goals (qualitative or quantitative); long- and short- term actions; strategies; policies/ programmes; action plans; monitoring and evaluation systems; investment estimates; international support www.newclimate.org18

19. www.newclimate.org19 Challenge: What to include in INDCs 1.3 How are different countries including adaptation in their INDCs? PartyFormatElementsFocus ChinaChapter in INDC textAdaptation strategy; intern. supportM & A EthiopiaChapter/ sub-chapters in INDC tableLong-term goal (qual); short- and long-term actions; M&EM & A GabonChapter in INDC textAdaptation strategyM KenyaChapter in INDC textLong-term goal (qual); NAP; sector-specific goals & actionsA Marshall IslandsRef in INDC table (short)/ annex (long)Adaptation framework; adaptation plan; intern. supportM MexicoRef in INDC table (short)/ annex (long)Sector-specific goals & actions, intern. supportM & A MonacoChapter in INDC textAdaptation strategy; adaptation action planM MoroccoChapter/ sub-chapters in INDC textLong-term goals (quan); sector-specific goals & actions; investment estimation; M&E; intern. support M & A SerbiaRef in INDC tableSector vulnerability; investment estimationM SingaporeRef in INDC table (short)/ annex (long)Sector-specific goals & actionsM South KoreaChapter in INDC textAdaptation plan; sector-specific actions (short)M EUSeparate documentAdaptation strategy; sector-specific actions; lessons learntM New ZealandReference to 6 th National CommunicationAdaptation policies; sector-specific actionsM NorwayReference to 6 th National CommunicationAdaptation framework; sector-specific actionsM United StatesSeparate documentU.S. domestic and international adaptation prioritiesM

20. www.newclimate.org20 See also… Challenge: What to include in INDCs Where is further information and guidance available? www.newclimate.org 20 Höhne, Ellermann & Fekete (2014) Process guidance for Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). http://newclimate.org/2014/12/06/process-guidance-on-indcs-prepared-by- newclimate-staff-4/ http://newclimate.org/2014/12/06/process-guidance-on-indcs-prepared-by- newclimate-staff-4/ WRI (2015) Designing and Preparing Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). http://www.wri.org/publication/designing-and-preparing-indcs http://www.wri.org/publication/designing-and-preparing-indcs PMR (2015) Checklist on Establishing Post-2020 Emission Pathways. https://www.thepmr.org/content/checklist-establishing-post-2020-emission-pathways https://www.thepmr.org/content/checklist-establishing-post-2020-emission-pathways CDKN & Ricardo-AEA (2015) A guide to INDCs. http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CDKN-Ricardo- AEA-Guide-to-INDCs_FINAL_WEB1.pdf http://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/CDKN-Ricardo- AEA-Guide-to-INDCs_FINAL_WEB1.pdf Website resources from the International Partnership for Mitigation and MRV. http://www.mitigationpartnership.net/intended-nationally-determined-contributions-indcs http://www.mitigationpartnership.net/intended-nationally-determined-contributions-indcs

21. www.newclimate.org21 2. Mitigating limited capacity Barriers Limited technical expertise for assessing mitigation options Too short timeframes for undertaking processes (based on responses from 44 countries) 0%25% 50%75% 100% How are countries determining their sectoral scope? How are countries building upon their existing knowledge and processes? How can an assessment of co-benefits inform the design of an INDC? How can unconditional and conditional contributions be determined? What are the best practices for the assessment of equity and ambition? Topics covered 0%25% 50%75% 100%

22. www.newclimate.org22 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.1 How are countries determining their sectoral scope? Not all Parties have the resources and/or capacities to determine appropriate economy-wide contributions in this first INDC round. www.newclimate.org 22 INDC How are countries determining their sectoral scope? Sector prioritisation practices Figure 5: Criteria that countries have used to prioritise sectors for their INDCs Potential impactSynergies/continuity Emissions reduction potential Common mitigation and adaptation goals Other national climate change processes National priorities Accrual of wider economic and social co-benefits

23. www.newclimate.org23 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.1 How are countries determining their sectoral scope? www.newclimate.org 23 Examples of practices for scope selection and sector prioritisation Potential impact Emission reduction potential Assessment through use of existing data and processes (see section 2.2) Chile & Peru: Mitigation Action Plans and Scenarios (MAPS) Co-benefits assessment Making a case for sectoral action (see section 2.3) Dominican Republic: Quantified jobs, economic impact and other benefits Colombia: extensive co-benefit analysis under the Colombian Low Carbon Development Strategy (ECDBC), which is a key input for the INDCs. Synergies/continuity Common mitigation and adaptation goals Thailand: Major synergies between adaptation and mitigation Philippines: Vulnerability of mitigation options assessed National priorities Using the INDC to accelerate the implementation of other national priorities Senegal: Electrification & reduced consumption of dirty fuels Uganda: Focus on forestry and energy to align with national development priorities Solomon Islands: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Figure 6: Examples of practices for scope selection and sector prioritisation. See Notes for details

24. www.newclimate.org24 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.2 How are countries building upon their existing knowledge and processes? www.newclimate.org 24 Potential links of INDCs with other national climate change processes Figure 7: Examples of practices for links of INDCs with other national climate change processes. See Notes for details Most countries use existing documents as data sources for their INDC development: National Communications (e.g. Morocco) National Inventories Some countries build upon ongoing national climate change processes to compile and communicate their INDC: Low Emissions Development Strategies - LEDS (e.g. Colombia) Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions - NAMAs (e.g. Thailand) Clean Development Mechanism - CDM (e.g. Vietnam)

25. www.newclimate.org25 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.2 How are countries building upon their existing knowledge and processes? www.newclimate.org 25 Use of existing data and processes: Dominican Republic Figure 8: Links of the Dominican Republic’s INDC with other national climate change processes. See Notes for details Inter-ministerial coordination: National Council for Climate Change and Clean Development Mechanism (CNCCMDL) Legal framework: National Development Strategy (NDS) 2030 Framework for action: Climate Compatible Development Plan (CCDP) Dominican Republic TNC/BURINDC LEDS (CCDP) EnergyTransportCDM – PoA – NAMAForestry Quick wins CNCCMDL

26. www.newclimate.org26 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.2 How are countries building upon their existing knowledge and processes? www.newclimate.org26 Use of existing data and processes: Peru NAMAs MAPS PlanCC Forest projects and Forest Investment Program (PIF) BUR Plans and programs INDC 58 mitigation actions across 6 sectors 31% reduction of emissions for 2030 against BAU scenario 82.2 mtCO2eq reduction by 2030 5 June. Start consultation process 17 July. End consultation process and revision of draft INDC 31 August. Country presents INDC to the UNFCCC Figure 9: Use of existing data and processes in Peru. See Notes for details

27. www.newclimate.org27 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.2 How are countries building upon their existing knowledge and processes? www.newclimate.org27 Review and revision of existing targets “Indonesia’s INDC is a by-product of the Indonesia Mitigation Policy review process” - BAPPENAS, 2015 2015 2030 Beyond Embedding the INDC into a Review and Revision process of existing policy targets is more efficient and more effective than beginning new processes. Ensure integration of INDC in national policy Reduce burden of undertaking new analysis from start Established roles and responsibilities Experience and evidence to reduce uncertainty Understand the implications of policy implementation Continued review and revision of institutionalised climate change policy / INDC Figure 10: Review and revision of existing targets in Indonesia. See Notes for details

28. www.newclimate.org28 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.3 How can an assessment of co-benefits help to inform the design of an INDC? www.newclimate.org28 Co-benefit assessment Cost savings from fossil fuel imports, improved energy security, health from reduced air pollution, job creation, traffic decongestion, economic development etc. Make a case for prioritizing sector and measures to include in the INDC. Increase the willingness of decision makers and stakeholder to increase ambition. Figure 11: Infographic on co-benefit assessment in the US, the EU and China. See Notes for details

29. www.newclimate.org29 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.3 How can an assessment of co-benefits help to inform the design of an INDC? www.newclimate.org29 Sector/measureJob creation in 2013 Economic impacts (mUSD/a) GHG emission reduction (MtCO2e/a) Other non-GHG benefits Energy Substitute all fuel-oil plants with gas Reduce inefficient auto generation from 25% to 5% Increase share of renewable energy to 38% Energy efficiency: reduce energy demand 13% 34,300 - 1,300 33,000 1,000 130 20 300 550 8.6 1 0.5 4.3 2.8 Cleaner air Transport Establish efficiency standards Shift to CNG Increase consumption of biofuels Scale-up public transport 25,000 - 4,000 21,000 - 1,700 500 600 400 200 5.3 1.3 1.1 2.4 0.5 Cleaner air, black carbon reduction, less traffic congestion Table 3: Assessment of co-benefits of proposed actions in Dominican Republic. Source: Alvarez (2015) The Dominican Republic quantified the non-GHG related benefits for specific measures in all sectors, in order to inform the design of the INDC. (see energy and transport, for example, in earlier slide)

30. Determining contributions - using existing and planned policies and strategies www.newclimate.org30 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.4 How can unconditional and conditional contributions be determined? www.newclimate.org 30 Emission level in 2025/ 2030 Unconditional INDC Conditional INDC Figure 3: Determining contributions using policies and strategies. See Notes for details 10 measures in place from forthcoming 3rd NC 3 measures from UNDP FOCAM excercise CDM pipeline 54 measures the country could potentially implement as identified in 3rd NC Dialogue on forestry EcuadorMorocco

31. Determining contributions top down www.newclimate.org31 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.4 How can unconditional and conditional contributions be determined? www.newclimate.org 31 “Fair” contribu tion Mitigation potential Emissions in 2025/ 2030 Unconditional INDC Conditional INDC “Fair” contributionMitigation potential Question to ask : “What level of emissions should I achieve to make a fair and equitable contribution?” How: Effort sharing approaches Question to ask: “What level of emission reductions could I achieve given the mitigation potential in my county ?” How: National mitigation potential analysis (e.g. MACC) Identifying what you should do and what you could do can help you in determining your contributions. Figure 4: Determining contributions top down. See Notes for details

32. Ways to compare mitigation efforts www.newclimate.org32 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.5 What are the best practices for the assessment of equity and ambition? www.newclimate.org 32 Effort sharing What is the “fair” share? How much should emissions be reduced? Potential How much could emissions be reduced (irrespective of who pays)? Comparison to benchmarks for decarbonisation indicators How are other countries developing? Good practice policy packages What are other countries doing?

33. Ambition and equity in INDCs so far www.newclimate.org33 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.5 What are the best practices for the assessment of equity and ambition? www.newclimate.org 33 CountryStates to be in line with IPCC trajectories In line with own long term target Ambitious because a deviation from trend Mentions per capita emissions Mentions small contribution to world total Mentiones reduction in emissions per GDP Mentioni ng peak year EUXXXXX LiechtensteinXXX AndorraXX SwitzerlandX NorwayX USAXX CanadaX RussiaX MexicoXXX MoroccoXXXX EthiopiaX

34. Examples: MAPS countries www.newclimate.org34 Challenge: Mitigating limited capacity 2.5 What are the best practices for the assessment of equity and ambition? www.newclimate.org 34 Integrated in the INDC preparation methodology: Determine “required by science scenarios” for comparison with mitigation potential Received limited attention in the beginning But is used in the final stages of the INDC preparation as a validation step, that may nudge the INDC a bit further “Required by science scenario” Source: MAPS Chile: http://mapschile.cl/files/resumen_MAPSChile_Fase2_102014.pdf http://mapschile.cl/files/resumen_MAPSChile_Fase2_102014.pdf

35. www.newclimate.org35 3. Securing broad support Barriers Securing high-level political support Lack of understanding in other sectors/ ministries (based on responses from 44 countries) 0%25% 50%75% 100% How have countries obtained and benefited from high-level support? How have countries ensured inter-ministerial coordination? What are good practices for INDC stakeholder consultation? Topics covered 0%25% 50%75% 100%

36. www.newclimate.org36 Challenge: Securing broad participation and support 3.1 How have countries obtained and benefited from high level support? www.newclimate.org36 Mandate and level of sign-off for INDCs Which level of governance, is responsible for the final sign-off of the INDC submission? - Asked March 2015 In most countries, the mandate to begin preparations for an INDC came from the Ministry in which the UNFCCC focal point is based. Only a quarter of countries expected to require sing-off from parliament or the head of state, at the start of the INDC process. Political processes for INDC preparation may have been underestimated by a lot of countries. Figure 12: Required level of sign-off forecast by countries

37. www.newclimate.org37 Challenge: Securing broad participation and support 3.1 How have countries ensured cross-ministerial coordination? www.newclimate.org37 “The establishment of an inter-ministerial steering committee dedicated to the INDC process, ensured maximum participation and understanding across all relevant governmental bodies” - Georgia Many countries have difficulties to engage all governmental bodies. Some countries overcame this barrier through: New, formally established inter- ministerial processes or committees, dedicated to the INDC, with a leading (steering) role Use of existing inter-ministerial processes Distribution of key responsibilities between ministries Intensive training seminars for deputy- ministers

38. www.newclimate.org38 Challenge: Securing broad participation and support 3.3 What are good practices for INDC stakeholder consultation? www.newclimate.org38 Why stakeholder involvement? Secure broad level buy-in and public support for policies (e.g. Armenia) Provision of specific information, data, and new ideas as well as new skill sets Mobilisation of key actors for later implementation process Who to involve? Broad range of stakeholders from government, civil society, academia and private sector (e.g. Chile, Senegal) Potentially focus on specific key stakeholder groups depending on focus of the INDC (e.g. private sector in Singapore) Inclusion of local and regional government (e.g. Uganda, Kenya) How to manage the process? Careful planning of timing and degree of involvement is essential Transparency on process and use of stakeholder inputs Consultation methods may differ: bilateral, multilateral or online

39. www.newclimate.org39 Challenge: Securing broad participation and support 3.3 What are good practices for INDC stakeholder consultation? www.newclimate.org39 ARMENIASINGAPORE WHY? - Specific inputs and expertise WHY? - Public awareness and buy-in HOW? -Public opinion survey on INDC themes through media outlet -Organised 10 thematic roundtables with senior government officials -Discussions were broadcasted to general public WHO? - Focus on general public WHO? - Focus on private sector HOW? -Use of an online platform open for comment for 10 weeks -Dialogue sessions co-organised with key stakeholder groups, mainly business associations Two country examples on how to engage stakeholders successfully.

40. www.newclimate.org40 4. Opportunities 0%25% 50%75%100% Developing the national climate change agenda Improving collection and coordination of information Topics covered “Improved international communication” “Enhanced engagement of stakeholders in climate change planning” “Acceleration of national climate change policy process” “Improved national processes” “Improved domestic communication between government, CSO and public”

41. www.newclimate.org41 Opportunities 4.1 Developing the national climate change agenda www.newclimate.org41 Consolidation of existing climate change processes In some countries without previous formal climate targets, the variety of national, subnational and donor driven climate activities may be fragmented. For some, the INDC has provided an impetus to consolidate fragmented activities: Senegal has consolidated NAP, TNA, LEDS, NAMAs, CDM, national policies and national strategy documents In the Dominican Republic the INDC strongly builds upon multiple national climate change processes such as CNCCMD, NAMAs and the CDM (see section 2.2) Result: Resource efficiency gains, improved strategic planning, identification of synergies between efforts See section 2.2 for further details on process consolidation

42. www.newclimate.org42 Opportunities 4.1 Developing the national climate change agenda www.newclimate.org42 Acceleration of existing climate change processes 75% of countries report that the INDC process has helped to accelerate existing processes. Completion of existing processes required as input LEDS process in Georgia given renewed priority since its comprehensive analysis on mitigation options and scenarios will be the main input to the INDC design. Increased attention and awareness for climate change activities Armenia developed a “relationship and a common understanding” with the public, helping to accelerate the implementation of grassroots mitigation and adaptation measures. Priority stimulus to overcome barriers common to INDC and other processes The INDC in Thailand has made the sectoral plans more visible for relevant government agencies and thus has developed a a more supportive political environment, also for other indirectly related processes.

43. www.newclimate.org43 Opportunities 4.1 Developing the national climate change agenda www.newclimate.org43 Mainstreaming climate change in policy Some countries report tangible improvements in consideration of climate change issues in ministries usually unconcerned in climate policy making. In Georgia the inter-ministerial led INDC process has assigned responsibilities across various ministries, many of whom are becoming engaged with climate change related responsibilities for the first time. In Thailand the INDC process has highlighted the efforts on climate change that the different ministries had previously included in their sectoral plans.

44. www.newclimate.org44 Opportunities 4.1 Developing the national climate change agenda www.newclimate.org44 Implementation INDC Planning Progressing from planning to implementation Recent years: Planning with limited implementation Many countries have been especially active in their climate change planning activities in recent years. 2015: INDC submission INDC’s prepared with formal implementation timeframe Beyond 2015: Implementation INDC’s implementation timeframe provide an enhanced focus on the development and execution of implementation plans. In Thailand, for example, the INDCs will provide more specific actions for implementation of the energy plan of the Ministry of Energy. For some countries, where implementation has thus far been limited, the INDC may catalyse a progression from planning to implementation:

45. www.newclimate.org45 Opportunities 4.1 Developing the national climate change agenda www.newclimate.org45 Enhanced engagement of stakeholders Broad coverage and important implications of INDCs necessitates the participation of wide stakeholder groups. ↓ INDC preparation provided the stimulus to broaden the stakeholder consultation base, with benefits. (Approx. 80% of countries report benefiting from improved stakeholder consultation) ↓ Singapore - major participation from business, CSO and academia – uncovered ideas and skill sets not previously available to the government. Georgia – consideration of embassies as a major stakeholder for the first time – uncovered opportunities for support and improved international dialogue. See section 3.3 for further details on stakeholder consultation

46. www.newclimate.org46 Opportunities 4.2 Improving collection and co-ordination of information www.newclimate.org46 Information and data management Access to data and information from various sectors and ministries is often a great challenge, causing delays and uncertainty. The INDC process catalyzed the development of improved information management systems in many countries: Senegal: new climate change data office Costa Rica: expanded national registry Ghana: online climate change data hub Philippines: Climate Change Database (NICCDIES) Figure 13: Ghana’s Climate Change Data Hub - http://197.253.69.38/

47. www.newclimate.org47 Opportunities 4.2 Improving collection and co-ordination of information www.newclimate.org47 Enhanced south-south cooperation A large number of international fora for INDC preparation support have provided ample south-south cooperation and learning opportunities This is the most commonly reported benefit of the INDC process amongst all surveyed countries. Chile - major increase in the number of consultations and dialogues with developing country governments Morocco - developing a climate competence center for south-south cooperation

48. www.newclimate.org48 References www.newclimate.org48 Diagne (2015) Experiences in Prioritizing Sectors for INDCs: SENEGAL. Available via: http://lowemissiondevelopment.org/lecbp/docs/El_Hadji_Mbaye_Diagne_Senegal_- _Prioritization_of_Sectors.pdf LEDS Global Partnership (2015) LEDS/INDC/NAMA Connection Points, April 2015. Available via: http://www.africacarbonforum.com/2015/english/presentations.htm (accessed: 12 June 2015). NewClimate institute (2015) Status of INDC preparation worldwide. Available via: http://files.newclimate.org/indc-preparation-progress/ (accessed: 05 August 2015). UNFCCC (2014) Lima call for climate action, Decision -/CP.20, December 2014. Available via: https://unfccc.int/files/meetings/lima_dec_2014/application/pdf/auv_cop20_lima_call_for_climate_ action.pdf (accessed: 15 July 2015). Van Asselt, H., Saelen, H. and Pauw, P. (2015) Assessment and Review under a 2015 Climate Change Agreement, Nordic Council of Ministers 2015. Available via: http://norden.diva- portal.org/smash/get/diva2:797336/FULLTEXT01.pdf (accessed: 15 July 2014). Van Tilburg, X., Cameron, L., Harms, N., Esser, L. and Afandor, A. (2015) Status Report on Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs). Mid-year update 2015. ECN Policy Studies/ Ecofys, 2015. Available via: http://mitigationpartnership.net/sites/default/files/nama-status-report-june-2015.pdf (accessed: 12 June 2015).

49. www.newclimate.org49 Annex I: Major types of INDC and options for expression