1. Cellular Respiration Continued: The Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

2. Citric Acid Cycle aka Krebs Cycle Uses OXYGEN!! Occurs in mitochondria At the end of glycolysis, 90% of chemical energy in glucose is still unused. Need oxygen to remove this energy = aerobic respiration 2nd stage of cellular respiration – Citric Acid – pyruvic acid from glycolysis is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions Where: mitochondria What comes out: 2 ATPs (one for each pyruvic acid) NADH, FADH 2 CO 2 (lots) What goes in: Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis Oxygen

3. Steps of Citric Acid Cycle Occurs in mitochondria 1) Pyruvic acid from glycolysis enters mitochondria. One carbon atom from pyruvic acid becomes part of carbon dioxide which is released (acetic acid now). Two of the 3 carbon atoms are then joined to coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA then adds the 2-carbon acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule, producing a 6-carbon molecule called citric acid. Summary: Pyruvic acid turned into citric acid and CO 2 released

4. Steps of Citric Acid Cycle (continued) 2) Citric acid then is broken down into a 4- carbon molecule, more CO 2 is released and electrons are transferred to energy carriers (NADH, FADH 2 ) Summary: Citric acid turned into CO 2 and high-energy electrons gathered, NADH, FADH 2

5. Steps of Citric Acid Cycle (continued) 3) 6 carbon atoms in citric acid – 2 carbons removed as CO 2 leaving a 4-carbon molecule which is ready to accept another 2-carbon acetyl group to start the cycle over again (leftover carbons go back into the cycle) For each turn of the cycle, an ATP is produced as well as 5 pairs of high-energy electrons captured by 5 carrier molecules – 4 NADH and 1 FADH 2 (similar to NADH)

6. Citric Acid Production The Citric Acid Cycle Mitochondrion

7. Citric Acid Production The Citric Acid Cycle Mitochondrion

8. Citric Acid Cycle ATP produced in Citric Acid Cycle is then used for cellular activities. In the presence of oxygen, high energy electrons are used to generate HUGE amounts of energy in one last step…

9. Electron Transport Chain Uses OXYGEN!! Occurs in mitochondria Electrons passed from carriers in the Citric Acid cycle to the electron transport chain, where the electrons are used to convert ADP to ATP Where: mitochondria What goes in: NADH and FADH 2 (from Citric Acid Cycle and Glycolysis) Oxygen What comes out: 28 ATPs (up to 32) H 2 O

10. Steps in the Electron Transport Chain 1) Electrons from NADH and FADH 2 passed along to chain. In eukaryotes, the chain is located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. High energy electrons are passed from one carrier protein to the next. At the end of the chain, electrons bind with H + and oxygen to form water. Oxygen is final electron acceptor. (Oxygen removes “used” electrons) Summary: Electrons passed down chain to oxygen; water released

11. Steps in the Electron Transport Chain (continued) 2) High-energy electrons transport H + ions across the membrane. During electron transport, H + ions build up on one side of the membrane = concentration gradient – more H+ on inside = want to go outside membrane Summary: During electron transport down chain, H + brought into membrane = concentration gradient – more H+ on inside = want to go outside membrane

12. Steps in the Electron Transport Chain (continued) 3) Concentration gradient fuels ATP synthase to change ADP into ATP Summary: Use concentration gradient to fuel ATP synthase to make ATP

13. The Electron Transport Chain 1 2 Space between membranes Inner mitochondrial membrane Electron carrier Protein complex Electron flow Matrix Electron transport chain ATP synthase NADH NAD  FADH 2 FAD ATP ADP H2OH2O O2O2 2 P –– –– HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH HH 1 2 4 6 5 3 HH

14. Cellular Respiration Review

15. The Totals of ATP Production through Entire Cellular Respiration Glycolysis produces = 2 ATPs Citric Acid Cycle and electron transport chain produce = 30 ATP (Citric Acid Cycle produces 2 ATPs and electron transport chain produces 28 ATPs (can produce up to 32)) Total = 32 ATP molecules produced (can be as high as 36)