1. The Use of Remote Sensing in Weed Control Joshua Bushong SOIL/BAE 4213 Spring 2008

2. Why  Efficiency  Low in areas of low populations  Wasted herbicide  Decrease cost with higher efficiency  Population clusters  Areas with low or high densities  Areas with no weeds

3. What is Remote Sensing  Remote sensing is the science and art of obtaining information about a phenomenon without being in contact with it  Can be used to discriminate between weeds, crops, soil, and structures  Collection of quantitative data that can be used to make a recommendation

4. Possible Uses  Fallow systems / Between Rows  Non-selective  Most practical  Lower risk  Lowest cost  In Season systems  Selective  More complex  Site Specific

5. Terminology  Weed  Any plant growing in the wrong place at the wrong time and in the wrong quantity, or a plant whose virtues are not yet discovered.  Hyperspectral sensing  Data collected from contiguous bands usually by one sensor.  Spectral Vegitation Indices  Ratio of reflectances from various wavelengths  Multispectral sensing  Data collected from selected bands usually by multiple sensors

6. Hyperspectral Imagery  Contiguous wave length imagery  Identify plant species by reflectance  Reflectance at about 780 nm  Spearmint 65  Peppermint 60  Green foxtail 50  Waterhemp 35  Pigweed: 25

7. Hyperspectral Imagery  Yellow Nutsedge

8. Hyperspectral Imagery  Pigweed

9. Hyperspectral Imagery  Dead Crabgrass

10. Multispectral Sensing  Uses selected bands  Can Identify weeds in citrus with an accuracy of about 99.07%

11. Multispectral Sensing Original red, green and blue image Image with weed and non-weed classifications Image with weed, vegetation and non-veg. classifications Image with weed, citrus, tree, soil, and roof classifications

12. Non-selective  Only needs to identify between bare soil and a plant  Reduced herbicide usage  Reduce environmental risks  Reduced costs  Fallow systems  Between rows / hooded sprayer  Row crops  Orchards

13. Weedseeker / Spot Spray  Cost effective  Identifies chlorophyll  Automated

14. Sensor-controlled Field Spraying  Real time application  Possible use in cereals  Variable Rates  Reduced herbicide usage  Crop/weed discrimination

15. Sensor-controlled Field Spraying  Image analysis approach  CCD cameras  Image analysis software  Discriminate between crops and weed  Color  Shape  Texture

16. Sensor-controlled Field Spraying  Spectral reflectance approach  Optoelectronic weed sensor

17. References  http://www.ntechindustries.com/concept.html http://www.ntechindustries.com/concept.html  http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/topfarmer/newsletter/TF CW05_2005.pdf http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/topfarmer/newsletter/TF CW05_2005.pdf http://www.agecon.purdue.edu/topfarmer/newsletter/TF CW05_2005.pdf  http://www.blackwell- synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1445- 6664.2006.00236.x?cookieSet=1 http://www.blackwell- synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1445- 6664.2006.00236.x?cookieSet=1 http://www.blackwell- synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1445- 6664.2006.00236.x?cookieSet=1  Dammer, Karl-Heinz and Wartenberg, G. Sensor- based wed detection and application of variable herbicide rates in real time. Crop Protection. Vol. 26, issue 3, March 2007, p. 270-277. Weed Science in Real Time.

18. Questions?