1. Fire Detection & Assessment Practical work E. Chuvieco (Univ. of Alcalá, Spain) emilio.chuvieco@uah.es

2. Outline Objectives. Description of images & Code. Methods. Expected results.

3. Objectives Present an exercise on the extracting of burned area information from satellite data using simple change detection techniques. BA detection will be based on optical coarse-resolution sensors: Envisat-MERIS. Similar techniques could be applicable to MODIS, VGT, ATSR…

4. Description of images & Code The exercise includes two images acquired by the Envisat-MERIS sensor over the Northern region of Australia. The images are named: MERIS 20050528 and MERIS 20050531 and were acquired on the 28th and 31st May, 2005, respectively. The original 15 spectral bands of MERIS include the blue, green, red, red edge and near infrared regions of the EM (Table 1). In addition, a shape file named hs20050528to31 is provided. It includes the hotspots detected by the MOD14 product between the dates of the two images. Spectral region BlueGreenRedRed EdgeNIR MERIS band B1B2B3B4B5B6B7B8B9B10B11B12B13B14B15 λ (nm)412.5442.5490510560620665681708.75753.75760.62778.75865885900

5. Methods 1. Display the two images in false color composite (RGB: B10/B8/B5). Compare visually the differences between the two. Analyze where the burns are. - PCI: Open – File (MERIS 20050528) Select R/G/B planes and Change to Bands 10,8,5 respectively -Do the same for the second image

6. Methods 2. Build spectral curves from the second image including the following categories: Bare Soil Green Vegetation. Old burned areas Recent burned areas (between the two dates). PCI: Right button on image: Spectral plot – Adjust plot range – Spectra from Image - Comment the spectral differences between the different classes. Which region is more sensitive to differentiate between vegetation and burns? Which one between soil and burns? Which one between recent and old burns?

7. Methods 3. Build a spectral index that could emphasize the signal of burned area over vegetation and soils. -Compute this index for the two dates. -Compute the difference between the two indices. -Obtain a binary image from this difference by establishing a relevant threshold, based on the spectral information previously analyzed. -NDVI = (ρ NIR - ρ red ) / (ρ NIR + ρ red )

8. Triggs & Flasse, 2001 Selecting a sensitivity burned signal index

9. Sensitivy of different indices NDVI GEMI BAI

10. NDVI SAVI GEMI BAI Pre-post fire indices

11. PCI commands: 1. Create an image with Red and NIR bands for the two images. -File Translate: first image, export to PIX format B8 and B10. -File transfer: move B8 and B10 of second image to file generated before. 2. Create additional bands for calculation of Spectral Indices, - Files folders: Right button, New – Raster – 32 bit Real.. Tools – EASI Modeling. 3. Compute spectral indices: -Each band is identified by a %. For instance an NDVI would be (%1 R %2 NIR): -%5=(%2-%1))/(%2+%1) 4. Compute differences from the two dates. -%7=%6-%5 5. Analyze histogram of differences: - Right button, Histogram with statistics

12. PCI commands: 6. Binaryze histogram. -Use EASY Modeling logic functions: If %X > XX then %Y = 1 Else %Y=0 Endif 7. Compute statistics and create lookup tables -Right button: View as Pseudocolor. Assign adequate colors to each category.

13. Methods 3b. Try alternative spectral indices: Global Environmental Monitoring Index (GEMI) GEMI = η (1 – 0.25 η) - (  RED – 0.125) / (1 -  RED ) Where η = (2 (  NIR 2 -  RED 2 ) + 1.5  NIR + 0.5  RED) / (  NIR +  RED + 0.5)  RED = Red reflectance [unitless]  NIR = Near Read Infrared reflectance [unitless]

14. Methods 4. Compare the result with the location of hotsposts included in the shape file. Try to understand why some areas detected as active fires may not have been discriminated by your change detection index. -Open shape file on top of the color code result of previous segmentation. -Analyze visually the coincides. -Quantitative comparisons may be obtained through: Analysis - Classification - Accuracy Assessment – Select Classified image – Samples from vectors – Accuracy report

15. Methods 5. If you have enough time, try to classify the two images and compare the results with the change detection of spectral indices and compare the results. -Translate the second image to PCI (File - Translate) -Open two 8 bits bands for classification. -Analysis – Image Classification – Supervised. -Define training classes. -Select training fields. -Classify with maximum likelihood. -Compare results with hotspots.