1. Women’s Roles in Non-Economic Activities
Using Time Use Surveys in Thailand, Japan, and China
Ms. Sudarat Tuntivivat
Ms. Kanjana Tisayaticom
Dr. Phusit Prakongsai
International Health Policy Program (IHPP)
Presentation to IHPP journal club
1 November 2010
IHPP meeting room

2. Data and Presentation Sources
Thailand
Time Use Survey 2001, 2004, (Data Cleaning Process)
National Statistical Office
China
Time Use Survey 2008
National Bureau of Statistics
Japan
Time Use Survey 2006
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

3. Non-economic activities
Definition
Work, service, activities,
Without earning and compensation,
For household members, other households or community

4. Non-economic activities
Group of activities for analysis in Thailand
Group 1: Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household
Group 2: Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household
Group 3: Community services and help to other household
There are various methods to group the non-economic activities, For this presentation. I will group this into 3 groups according to NSO presentation. Japan will focus on elderly care and China will focus on child care.

5. Historical development of Time Use Survey in Thailand
2009
- All day activities
- Prepare time every 10 minutes
Main and second activities
(5 digits)
- Representation
(Whole kingdom, Region)
2004
- All day activities
- Prepare time every 10 minutes
Main and Second activities
(3 digits)
- Representation
(Whole Kingdom, Region)
Respondents are a member of household who must be 10 years and older
(On data cleaning process)
2001
- All day activities
- Main Activities (2 digits)
- Represent ion
(Whole Kingdom, Region)
International classification of activities for Time-Use Statistics (ICATUS)

6. Non-economic activities
Average time of respondents aged 10 yrs and over by groups of activity: Time Use Surveys in Thailand 2001 & 2004
(hours per day)
Non-economic activities 6

7. Non-economic activities
% Population by sex and activities

8. Non-economic activities
Average time by sex and activities
(hours per day)

9. Household maintenance, management and shopping for own household
% Population by sex and activities

10. Care for children, the sick, elderly and disabled for own household
% Population by sex and activities

11. Community services and help to other household
% Population by sex and activities

12. Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
Points
1. Main caregivers in households are female.
2. Most care workers are female. Over 40% of female care workers are non-regular employees.
3. There are differences in time spent on caring activities between women and men.

13. Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
Main caregivers in households are female.
Main caregiver in the household by sex
Male 28.1%
Female 71.9%
Data: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2007)

14. Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
Most care workers are female. Over 40% of female care workers are non-regular employees.
Care workers by sex and employment situation N
Regular employment
Non-regular employment
Unknown
Female
23,330
60.7%
39.2%
0.1%
Male
5,681
86.9%
12.9%
Both sexes
29,124
65.8%
34.1%
　Data: Survey of working conditions of care workers, Care Work Foundation (2006)

15. Caring Responsibilities of Women and Men in Japan
The cause of care needs are different between women and men.
Major reasons for need of assistance or care by sex
Data: “Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions,” Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2007)　

16. WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA?
Responsibility by Gender
In China, women take on most housework.
Average time of housework:
Women: 4 hours (234 minutes)
Men: hours (91 minutes)
Sources: 2008 time use survey in China

17. TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE?
The Average Time Use by Distance between Home and Work Place
Sources: 2008 time use survey in China

18. TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA?
Responsibility by Gender
Female participation of child-care
Participation rate: 22 %,
The average time of female participants: 137 minutes.
More than 1/5 of women engaged in child-care, and on average they spent more than 2 hours on it per day.

19. TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CHILD CARE IN CHINA?
Responsibility, Secondary Activity
Child-care as Secondary Activity
Total F M
Total Records
8114
6026
2088
Records /per 100 Diary by Age Group
25-34 74 22
35-44 29 14
55-64 27
Sources: 2008 time use survey in China

20. TIME USE: WHO TAKES ON THE RESPONSIBILITY OF CARE IN CHINA?
Responsibility by Age
Time on taking care of child
Two segments and two peaks, both for women and for men
Women spent more time on child- care than men do. 20

21. Conclusions and policy recommendations
Women participated in non-economic activities more than men, especially household services and care for household members.
To reduce gender inequity, both economic and non-economic activities should be equally addressed.
Non-economic activities, should be valued as monetary equivalence and included in the GDP estimation.
Need campaign to change social attitude, especially men, on sharing responsibility in non-economic activities.

22. Questions and Comments Thank you for your attention