1. OTTOMAN BATTLES AND WARS 14 th – 20 th Centuries

2. Ottoman Battles Essential Question: What are the benefits of a strong military? What are its limits?

3. BATTLES AND WARS The Ottoman Empire started its westward expansion into the European continent in the middle of the 14th century. Main Battles: –Battle of Kosovo –Battle of Constantinople –Battle of Lepanto –Battle of Vienna

4. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Kosovo, 1389: –Serbian Empire was first significant opponent for Ottomans. –Opponents: Serbs/Balkan Allies vs. Ottoman Empire –Ruling Prince of Serbia, Prince Lazar, was given an ultimatum: “Surrender and step down or fight and die”

5. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Kosovo: June, 1389: –Ultimatum given by Sultan Murad I. –Prince Lazar chose to fight with a coalition force made up of Serbians, Bosnians and Germans. –This army marched out to meet the Serbs at the “field of the blackbirds”, Kosovo. –Sultan Murad I led his Turkish army of over twice the Balkan army's size.

6. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Kosovo: –The edge in battle changed hands twice in a day. –The Serbian army moved forward but the King of the Serbs was killed in battle. –The two armies fought on, beating each other into the ground. –A Serbian captain went to the tent of Sultan Murad I posing as a traitor. Stabbed the Sultan with a poisoned knife, killing him. –Ottomans were declared winners because they eventually came to occupy Serbia.

7. BATTLES AND WARS Fall of Constantinople: May 1453 –Ottoman commander, Sultan Mehmed II –This marked the destruction of the Eastern Roman Empire. –It also marked the death of the last Roman Emperor: Constantine XI.

8. BATTLES AND WARS Fall of Constantinople: –Over previous years, the Empire had been slowly taken apart piece by piece by the Ottomans. The only part left was Constantinople itself. –The Sultan had a castle built outside the walls of Constantinople on the Strait. This was done to block the strait so that it could not be used by Constantinople.

9. BATTLES AND WARS Constantinople: –Byzantine fighters totaled 7000. –Ottoman fighters totaled 100,000. –City wall was about 14 miles around. –Mehmed also built a fleet –Ottomans used a canon (relatively new): 27 ft. long and 2.5 feet in diameter. Fire 1200 lb. ball 1 mile! Took 3 hrs. to reload!!! –Byzantines had canons but smaller.

10. BATTLES AND WARS Constantinople: –Byzantines blocked waterway with chains –Mehmed build a road of greased logs for his ships. –May 22, Ottomans attack in three waves, each held back by Byznatines. –Finally, the Ottomans found a way in the city through an unlocked gate! Constantine XI was killed in a battle in the streets.

11. BATTLES AND WARS Constantinople: –The city was looted for three days –Became new capital of Ottoman empire. –Hagia Sophia became a Mosque. –To this day, many Greeks see Tuesday, the day Constantinople fell, as an unlucky day!!!

12. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Lepanto: October 1571: –Major battle off west coast of Greece –Opponents: The Holy League vs. Ottomans –The coalition: 206 galleys Commanded by: Don John of Austria –Ottoman: 225 galleys Commanded by: Ali Pacha

13. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Lepanto: October 1571: –During the course of the battle, the Ottoman commander's ship was boarded and the admiral was beheaded, against the wishes of Don John. –When his head was displayed from the mast of the Spanish flagship, it contributed greatly to the destruction of Ottoman morale

14. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Lepanto: October 1571: –The engagement was a crushing defeat for the Ottomans, who lost all but about 50 of their ships. –It was one of the most decisive naval defeats in that regions history. –The battle was the first major victory of any European army or navy against the Ottoman Empire. –The Holy League had suffered around 9,000. casualties. –Ottoman casualties were around 30,000.

15. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Lepanto: October 1571:

16. BATTLES ANDS WARS Battle of Vienna: September 1683: –Marked final turning point in struggle between Europe and Ottoman Empire. –Ottomans were driven south of Danube River, never to threaten central Europe again. –Austrian, German and Polish army of about 100,000 troops and their allies. –Ottomans had approximately 140,000 men.

17. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Vienna: September 1683: –Leaders: European: Jan Sobieski, Polish king Ottoman: Kara Mustafa –Mustafa’s men took part of Vienna’s walls down by placing mines under them –4 a.m. on Sept. 12, Austrian and German forces moved against the Ottomans. Polish infantry launched massive assault on right flank. –5 p.m. Cavalry assault helped cause the Ottomans to retreat. The war was over.

18. BATTLES AND WARS Battle of Vienna: September 1683: –Ottomans lost vast territories. –Ottoman deaths: 15,000 –European deaths:4,000. –After this battle, Ottoman Empire went into a slow decline culminating in its collapse after World War I, 1918.

19. Ottoman Battles More Essential Questions: How did its military help the Ottomans spread their civilization? Why did the Ottoman empire and European kingdoms struggle against one another? How can losses in battle affect the strength of an empire?