1. University at Buffalo Engineering for Ecosystem Restoration Summer Workshop Series 25 June 2010 David Blersch Dept. of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo

2. Energetic basis for ecosystems Waste Heat Less total energy at each level REVIEW

3. Using a Systems Language Why a systems language? To convert non-quantitative verbal models to… more quantitative, more accurate, more predictive, more consistent, and less confusing network diagrams. Understanding systems… Understanding environment and society as a system means thinking about parts, processes, and connections. To help understand systems, it is helpful to draw pictures of networks that show components and relationships. REVIEW

4. Energy Circuit Diagrams From Odum (1994) REVIEW

5. Systems Model: Aquatic system Odum (1994) REVIEW

6. The math… The assumption: Pathway flows are linear and in proportion to force action from the upstream energy sources and storages.

7. The math… J/k 1

8. Solving numerically Finite differences

9. Solving in Excel Model TANK

10. Using STELLA: Tank Equations in STELLA Q(t) = Q(t - dt) + (J - K1Q) * dt INIT Q = 300 INFLOWS: J = 8 OUTFLOWS: K1Q = k1*Q k1 = 0.5 Model TANK

11. Simulating a simple Producer- Consumer cycle Simple Production-Consumption cycle

12. Simple P-C cycle

13. Two STELLA formulations PC Cycle type 1 PC Cycle type 2

14. Results

15. The “Strategy” of Ecosystem Development E.P. Odum 1969

16. Ecosystem succession E.P. Odum 1969

17. The Odums E.P. Odum (1913 – 2002) H.T. Odum Alma Mater: U. Illinois Teaching: U. Georgia Research: Systems ecology Impacts: (1) pioneered the concept of the ecosystem; (2) systematized ecology as part of biology curriculum Alma Mater: Yale University Teaching: U. Florida Research: Systems ecology; General systems theory Impacts: (1) Synthesized thermodynamics with systems ecology ;(2) Maximum power laws (3) Ecological engineering and economics

18. References Abrams, P., B.A. Menge, G.G. Mittelbach, D. Spiller, and P. Yodzis. 1996. The role of indirect effects in food webs. Pp. 371-395. In: Food Webs: Integration of Patterns and Dynamics. G.A. Polis and K.O. Winemiller (eds.). Chapman & Hall, New York. Adey, W.H., and K. Loveland. 2007. Dynamic Aquaria: Building and Restoring Living Ecosystems (3 rd Edition). Academic Press, San Diego, California. Gerardin, L. 1968. Bionics. McGraw-Hill, New York. Jorgensen, S.E., and G. Bendoricchio. 2001. Fundamentals of Ecological Modelling (3 rd Edition). Elsevier Science, New York. Kangas, P.C. 2004. Ecological Engineering: Principles and Practice. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida. Odum, H.T. 1994. Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology. University Press of Colorado, Niwot, Colorado. Odum, H.T., and E.C. Odum. 2000. Modeling for All Scales: An Introduction to System Simulation. Academic Press, San Diego, California.