1. Early Battles and leaders

2. 1 st Bull Run/ Manassas ► First Battle of Bull Run, also known as First Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces), was fought on July 21, 1861, in Prince William County, Virginia, near the City of Manassas. It was the first major land battle of the American Civil War. Prince William County, VirginiaManassasAmerican Civil WarPrince William County, VirginiaManassasAmerican Civil War

3. ► the Northern public clamored for a march against the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, which could bring an early end to the war. Yielding to this political pressure, unseasoned Union Army troops under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell advanced across Bull Run against the equally unseasoned Confederate Army under Brig. Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard near Manassas Junction NorthernConfederate Richmond, VirginiaUnion ArmyBrig. Gen.Irvin McDowellBull RunP.G.T. BeauregardNorthernConfederate Richmond, VirginiaUnion ArmyBrig. Gen.Irvin McDowellBull RunP.G.T. Beauregard

4. ► Confederate reinforcements under the command of Brig. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrived from the Shenandoah Valley by railroad and the course of the battle changed Joseph E. JohnstonShenandoah Valley Joseph E. JohnstonShenandoah Valley

5. ► A brigade of Virginians under a relatively unknown colonel from the Virginia Military Institute, Thomas J. Jackson, stood their ground and Jackson received his famous nickname, "Stonewall Jackson". The Confederates launched a strong counterattack and as the Union troops began withdrawing under pressure, many panicked and it turned into a rout as they frantically ran in the direction of nearby Washington, D.C. brigade of VirginiansVirginia Military Institute Thomas J. Jackson Washington, D.C.brigade of VirginiansVirginia Military Institute Thomas J. Jackson Washington, D.C.

6. ► Both sides were sobered by the violence and casualties of the battle, and they realized that the war would potentially be much longer and bloodier than they had originally anticipated.

7. ► DateJuly 21, 1861) ► ResultConfederate victory BelligerentsUnited States (Union)CSA (Confederacy) ConfederateUnited StatesUnionCSA (Confederacy)ConfederateUnited StatesUnionCSA (Confederacy) ► Commanders and leadersIrvin McDowellJoseph E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard Irvin McDowellJoseph E. Johnston P.G.T. BeauregardIrvin McDowellJoseph E. Johnston P.G.T. Beauregard

8. North-South ► 28–35,000 (18,000 engaged) ► 32–34,000 (18,000 engaged) ► Casualties and losses ► N 2,896 (460 killed 1,124 wounded 1,312 captured/missing) ► S 1,982 (387 killed 1,582 wounded 13 missing)

9. First Bull Run

10. Battle of Fort Donelson ► The Battle of Fort Donelson was fought from February 11 to February 16, 1862, in the Western Theater of the American Civil War. The capture of the fort by Union forces opened the Cumberland River as an avenue for the invasion of the South. The success elevated Brig. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant from an obscure and largely unproven leader to the rank of major general, earning him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender" Grant in the process Western TheaterAmerican Civil WarUnionCumberland RiverSouthBrig. Gen.Ulysses S. Grantmajor generalWestern TheaterAmerican Civil WarUnionCumberland RiverSouthBrig. Gen.Ulysses S. Grantmajor general

11. ► The battle followed the capture of Fort Henry on February 6. Grant moved his army 12 miles overland to Fort Donelson on February 12 through February 13 and conducted several small probing attacks. Fort HenryFort Henry

12. ► On February 14, U.S. Navy gunboats under Flag Officer Andrew H. Foote attempted to reduce the fort with naval gunfire, but were forced to withdraw after sustaining heavy damage from Donelson's water batteries. U.S. Navy Flag OfficerAndrew H. FooteU.S. Navy Flag OfficerAndrew H. Foote

13. ► On February 15, with their fort surrounded, the Confederates, commanded by Brig. Gen. John B. Floyd, launched a surprise attack against Grant's army, attempting to open an avenue of escape. Grant, who was away from the battlefield at the start of the attack, arrived to rally his men and counterattack. Despite achieving a partial success and opening the way for a retreat, Floyd lost his nerve and ordered his men back to the fort. ConfederatesJohn B. Floyd ConfederatesJohn B. Floyd

14. ► On the following morning, Floyd and his second-in-command, Brig. Gen. Gideon J. Pillow, completely panicked and both turned over their command to Brig. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner (later Governor of the Commonwealth of Kentucky), who agreed to accept the unconditional surrender terms offered by Grant. Gideon J. PillowSimon Bolivar Bucknerunconditional surrenderGideon J. PillowSimon Bolivar Bucknerunconditional surrender

15. ► Date February 11, 1862)–February 16, 1862) ► ResultUnion victory Union ► BelligerentsUnited States (Union)CSA (Confederacy) United StatesUnionCSA (Confederacy)United StatesUnionCSA (Confederacy) ► Commanders and leaders ► Union Ulysses S. Grant Andrew H. Foote Ulysses S. Grant Andrew H. Ulysses S. Grant Andrew H. ► ConfJohn B. Floyd Gideon J. Pillow Simon B. Buckner John B. Floyd Gideon J. Pillow Simon B. BucknerJohn B. Floyd Gideon J. Pillow Simon B. Buckner

16. Stats ► Strength ► N 24,5312 ► S 16,1712 ► Casualties and losses N 2,691 total 507 killed 1,976 wounded 208 captured/missing ► S 13,846 total 327 killed 1,127 wounded 12,392 captured/missing

17. Shiloh/Pittsburg Landing

18. ► The Battle of Shiloh, also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee Western Theater American Civil WarTennesseeWestern Theater American Civil WarTennessee

19. ► DateApril 6, 1862) – April 7, 1862) ► ResultUnion victory Union ► BelligerentsUnited States (Union)CSA (Confederacy) United StatesUnionCSA (Confederacy)United StatesUnionCSA (Confederacy) ► Commanders and leaders ► North Ulysses S. Grant Don Carlos Buell Ulysses S. Grant Don Carlos BuellUlysses S. Grant Don Carlos Buell ► South Albert Sidney Johnston † P. G. T. Beauregard Albert Sidney Johnston† P. G. T. BeauregardAlbert Sidney Johnston† P. G. T. Beauregard ► Units involved ► Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio Army of the Tennessee Army of the Ohio ► Army of Mississippi1 Army of Mississippi1 Army of Mississippi1 ► Strength N 66,812 ► S 44,699 ► Casualties and losses ► N 13,0472 (1,754 killed 8,408 wounded 2,885 captured/missing) ► S 10,6993 (1,728 killed 8,012 wounded 959 captured/missing) 3

20. ► A Union army under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing on the west bank of the river. Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P. G. T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack on Grant there. The Confederates achieved considerable success on the first day, but were ultimately defeated on the second day. UnionMaj. Gen.Ulysses S. GrantTennessee RiverConfederate GeneralsAlbert Sidney JohnstonP. G. T. BeauregardUnionMaj. Gen.Ulysses S. GrantTennessee RiverConfederate GeneralsAlbert Sidney JohnstonP. G. T. Beauregard

21. ► On the first day of the battle, the Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west, hoping to defeat Grant's Army of the Tennessee before the anticipated arrival of Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell's Army of the Ohio. Army of the TennesseeDon Carlos BuellArmy of the OhioArmy of the TennesseeDon Carlos BuellArmy of the Ohio

22. ► The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fierce fighting, and Grant's men instead fell back to the northeast, in the direction of Pittsburg Landing. A position on a slightly sunken road, nicknamed the "Hornet's Nest", defended by the men of Brig. Gens. Benjamin M. Prentiss's and W. H. L. Wallace's divisions, provided critical time for the rest of the Union line to stabilize under the protection of numerous artillery batteries Brig. Gens.Benjamin M. Prentiss W. H. L. WallaceBrig. Gens.Benjamin M. Prentiss W. H. L. Wallace

23. Death of Johnston ► Gen. Johnston was killed during the first day of fighting, and Beauregard, his second in command, decided against assaulting the final Union position that night.

24. Union Victory ► Reinforcements from Gen. Buell and from Grant's own army arrived in the evening and turned the tide the next morning, when the Union commanders launched a counterattack along the entire line. The Confederates were forced to retreat from the bloodiest battle in United States History up to that time, ending their hopes that they could block the Union advance into northern Mississippi.