2. Cells combine to form tissues, and tissues combine to form organs Tissues are groups of cells closely associated that have a similar structure & perform a related function

4.  Epithelial Tissue Locations: ◦ Covers the body ◦ Lines the cavities, tubes, ducts and blood vessels inside the body ◦ Covers the organs inside body cavities  Epithelial Tissue Functions: ◦ Protection from physical & chemical injury, ◦ Protection against microbial invasion, ◦ Contains receptors which respond to stimuli, ◦ Filters, secretes & reabsorbs materials and ◦ Secretes serous fluids to lubricate structures.

5.  Two types: o membranous epithelia form the coverings or linings of organs o glandular epithelia form exocrine and endocrine glands  Sheets of cells with specialized contacts & cell junctions o Basal lamina: protein scaffolding secreted by epithelial cells o Basement membrane: reticular fibers (crossed collagen network) that supports epithelium--really associated connective tissue

6.  Connective tissue support  Nutrients from capillaries in underlying connective tissue  Nerves pass through  Easily regenerates  Different cell shapes & arrangements

7. Simple: just one layer or cell shape Stratified: multiple layers and cell shapes

8. TYPE CELL SHAPE EXAMPLE Squamous Squamous Squashed Cuboidal Cuboidal Cubed Columnar Columnar ColumnsPseudo-stratified Flat cells give rise to columns Endothelium (lines blood vessels), mesothelium (serous lining of celom) Walls of glands Lining of gut tube; sometimes with cilia like lining of uterine tube With cilia in respiratory tubes to move mucous & particles out of the lungs

9.  Simple Squamous o One cell thick o Forms solid layer of cells which line blood vessels, body cavities & cover organs in body cavities o Lubrication  Stratified Squamous o Multiple layers o Forms epidermis (Skin) lining of the mouth o Lubrication & protection

10.  Simple Cuboidal o One cell thick, roughly cube shaped o Lines ovaries, kidneys, thyroid glands, where secretion & absorption take place  Stratified Cuboidal o In multiple layers w/one layer attached to basement membrane & one w/free edge o Mammary & sweat glands o Secretion, absorption & protection

11.  Simple Columnar o One cell thick column shaped (long & narrow) o Line digestive tract where re-absorption & secretion occurs.  Stratified Columnar o Stacked nucleus on top of nucleus o Lines vas deferans, male urethra o Gives support and some movement.

12.  Pseudostratified o gives the appearance of more than one layer of columnar epithelial cells o Every cell is attached to the basement membrane o Lines the trachea, fallopian tubes o movement

13.  Transitional o Several layers of epithelial cells o Forms tissue that must stretch like the bladder o Stretches, protects against seepage

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16.  Muscle Tissue: o Associated with the bones of the skeleton, the heart and in the walls of the hollow organs of the body.  Muscle Tissue Functions: o Movement & Locomotion o Maintains posture o Produces heat o Facial expressions o Pumps blood o Peristalsis

17.  Consists of specialized cells that contract when stimulated  The body has three types of muscle tissue: o Skeletal o Cardiac o Smooth muscle

18.  Cardiac (involuntary) HEART  Smooth (involuntary) ORGANS  Skeletal (voluntary) BONES Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle Skeletal Muscle

20. Connective Tissue  Connective tissue location: o Most abundant & widely distributed tissue o Connective tissue has non-living extra- cellular material (matrix between its cells  Connective Tissue Functions: o Connects, binds and supports structures, o Tendons, ligaments, etc. o Protects & cushions organs and tissues, o Insulates (fat) and o Transports substances (blood).

21.  Major classes: o Bone o Cartilage o Loose o Dense o Blood  All connective tissues consist of two basic components: o Living cells o Extracellular matrix

22.  Fibers o Collagen gives structure o Reticular fibers (crossed collagen) gives order o Elastin gives elasticity  Ground substance o Jelly-like material made of sugar-protein molecules (proteoglycans) o Allows connective tissue to retain water and serve as support and protection of organs

23. Type: Loose, adipose Type: Loose, areolar

24.  Adipose  Areolar o Stores energy (fat) & insulates o Mostly under the skin o Wraps the organs o Cushions & protects  Contains elastin  Nourishes & stretches o Provides blood vessels to skin o Fills muscle gaps

25.  Dense Fibrous o Collagen is the main matrix element o Thick fibers running in many planes Dermis, fibrous capsules around organs Dermis, fibrous capsules around organs o Aligned parallel fibers that resists tension Tendon, ligaments Tendon, ligaments

26.  Perform specific functions essential to homeostasis  The body contains three types of specialized connective tissue: o Bone o Cartilage o Blood

27.  Bone o Consists of bone cells (osteocytes) and a calcified cartilage matrix o Two types of bone tissue exist: spongy and compact  Tree ring-like appearance  Supports & protects  Mineral storage  Fat storage  Blood cell production

28.  Supports while providing flexibility  Hyaline cartilage absorbs compression between bones in joints (bone ends) o Most abundant type of cartilage found in the body  Fibrocartilage forms cushion like disks between the vertebra  The ears and nose are more flexible and are elastic cartilage

29.  Blood o Red & white blood cells o Platelets o Plasma o Regulates temperature o Transportation system

30.  Nervous Tissue: ◦ Main component of the nervous system ie., brain, spinal cord & nerves.  Nervous Tissue Functions: ◦ Regulates & controls body functions ◦ Generates & transmits nerve impulses ◦ Supports, insulates and protects impulse generating neurons.

31.  Contains specialized cells that conduct impulses  Conducting cells, called neurons, transmit impulses from one region of the body to another.  Nonconducting cells, neuroglia, are a type of nervous system connective tissue.