1. ©2011 Elsevier, Inc. Molecular Tools and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Betsy Foxman Chapter 6 Molecular Tools

2. ©2011 Elsevier, Inc. Example of restriction fragment polymorphism probed for the IS6110 element. Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from routine practice at the Royal Free Hospital. Lanes 4 and 5 have the same patterns, as do 9 and 11. Source: Reproduced, with permission, from Kanduma et al. (2003). FIGURE 6.1

3. ©2011 Elsevier, Inc. Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) of two Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates; in this method several loci where variable numbers of tandem repeats are chosen for replication using PCR. The locus number is shown on the top of each lane. Source: Reproduced, with permission, from Kanduma et al. (2003). FIGURE 6.2

4. ©2011 Elsevier, Inc. Herpes Simplex virus 2 seroprevalence according to the lifetime number of sexual partners, adjusted for age, for black and white men and women in NHANES III (1988 to 1994). Source: Reproduced, with permission, from Fleming et al. (1997). FIGURE 6.3

5. ©2011 Elsevier, Inc. The pap locus of uropathogenic Escherichia coli contains three genes: PapI, PapA, and PapB, and binding sites for the leucine responsive regulatory protein, GATC. When one GATC site is methylated (ME) by Dam methylase, PapI, PapB, and PapA are expressed; when the other is methylated, they are not expressed. Source: Reproduced, with permission, from Bayliss (2009). FIGURE 6.4