1. Uses of Minerals Beauty, Industry, and Health

2. Gems Gems are valuable because they are rare and beautiful.

3. Most gems are a special variety of a particular mineral, but they are clearer, brighter, or more colorful than the common sample. EMERALD – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut by jeweler TOPAZ – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut and “heated treated” by jeweler to bring out the blue color. PERIDOT – Rough direct from mine and professionally cut by jeweler.

4. Gems (like the ruby and sapphire) and the common form (corundum) of the same mineral may have only small chemical differences. Traces of iron in quartz (left) give amethyst (right) its valuable purple color. http://www.arkansasquartzcrystals.com/

5. Corundum Corundum is a very hard mineral (hardness 9); In its rare pure form, corundum is colorless and called white sapphire. Rubies contain chromic oxide, blue sapphires contain titanium along with ferrous oxide, and yellow sapphires contain ferric oxide.

6. Famous Gems The intense orange phosphorescence of the Hope Diamond is only visible in a dark room after exposure to ultraviolet light. One of the diamonds surrounding the Hope is phosphorescing blue. Photograph by John Nels Hatleberg. http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=8701382 http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/01/08/hope-diamond.html

7. 530 carat “Star of Africa” diamond http://famousdiamon ds.tripod.com/

8. 312.24 carat black diamond

9. 726 carats (rough) Jonker diamond 125 carats (cut)

10. The Black Star Sapphire of Queensland Australia 733 carats of black sapphire, 35 diamonds Was for sale in 2002 for $100 million dollars Was found by a 14 year old and originally used as a doorstop

11. http://www.palagems.com/quality_4cs.htm Gems are valued based on the 4 C’s: Color, Cut, Clarity, and Carats Color Clarity Cut http://mineralsciences.si.edu/collections/newacquisitions.htm Smithsonian recent acquisitions

12. Color

13. Color-saturation Color can range from light to dark. A gem is more valuable the closer its color is to the true color (not pale or so dark it is black). Some gems will even have different color saturation levels within them.

14. Natural Diamond Colors

15. Cut This poorly-cut lemon citrine is windowed. Notice you can read the underlying text through the gem's centre.

16. The cut can greatly enhance a gem’s appearance. The lime citrine (left) is slightly windowed and very poorly cut. The same gemstone has been recut (right) Notice the ‘fogginess’ of the gem before recut, the small window in the middle and lack of symmetry.

17. The best cut is selected for each gem based on its starting shape. Rough uncut diamonds

18. Skilled gem cutters will follow specific patterns

20. Clarity-how clear it is

21. Diamond with Garnet Solid inclusions may be the same gem type as the host, or different like the garnet in this diamond. This emerald–cut quartz from Brazil has a blue anatase crystal inclusion as well as needle-like inclusions of rutile. In this specimen, we can see the anatase inclusion seemingly floating in this clear quartz gem. Anatase is a form of titanium dioxide and is usually found as small, isolated, well- developed crystals.

22. Thousands of needlelike mineral inclusions create a star-like pattern or cat’s eye pattern (asterism) when the stone is cut properly

23. Rounds Squares Ovals SizeWeightSizeWeightSizeWeight 1.6 mm.02 carat5 mm.75 carat5 x 3 mm.25 carat 2 mm.03 carat6 mm1.3 carat6 x 4 mm.5 carat 2.5 mm.06 carat7 mm2.05 carat7 x 5 mm1.0 carat 3 mm.10 carat8 mm2.9 carat8 x 6 mm1.5 carat 3.5 mm.16 carat9 mm4.4 carat9 x 7 mm2.5 carat 4 mm.25 carat10 mm6.0 carat10 x 8 mm3.0 carat 4.5 mm.33 carat11 mm8.0 carat11 x 9 mm4.0 carat 5 mm.50 carat12 mm10.35 carat12 x 10 mm5.0 carat 5.5 mm.65 carat13 mm13.2 carat14 x 10 mm6.0 carat 6 mm.75 carat14 mm16.5 carat14 x 12 mm8.0 carat 6.5 mm1.0 carat15 mm20.25 carat16 x 12 mm10.5 carat Carat

24. Cool Gypsum Crystals-Mexico http://www.thatcrystalsite.com/downloads/NaicaCrystalCave.pps#257,1,Slide 1 http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/11/crystal-giants/crystals-photography

25. Useful Minerals Gemstones are the most popular minerals, but not the most important. Many everyday objects are made from useful minerals. http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/thezone/minerals/usage/games/index.htm

27. Useful Gems Include: Diamonds are used in cutting tools Rubies help produce laser light

28. Ores A mineral or rock is an ORE if it contains a useful substance that can be mined at a profit. Bauxite – An aluminum ore aluminum

29. Mineral Refining 1. Original materials are crushed

30. 2. The crushed rocks are heated or treated with a chemical to separate the waste from the ore

31. 3. Different materials melt at different temperatures or react to chemicals differently 4.Useful minerals are then separated from the waste rock and are removed.

32. Some valuable mineral ores http://maps.google.com/

33. bauxite (aluminium oxide, Al2O3) Ore for Aluminum

34. haematite (iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3), Ore for Iron

35. rutile (titanium dioxide, TiO2) and ilmenite (FeTiO3) Titanium frames are usually over $1000 Titanium body parts Titanium golf clubs can be several hundred dollars Raw titanium Ore of Titanium-light weight and durable

36. Minerals and Your Health Many minerals play an important role in maintaining the health of your body. There are over 14 minerals our body must have to function properly.

37. Minerals in our body come from the food we eat http://www.healthalternatives2000.com/m inerals-nutrition-chart.html

38. Our food absorbs the minerals from the soil

39. Calcium Helps strengthen our bones and circulate our blood.

40. Copper Helps our body break down proteins and helps our red blood cells function

41. Iron Helps produce red blood cells, helps prevent fatigue and protects us from disease.

42. Sulfur Helps keep our skin, hair, and nails healthy and maintains healthy oxygen levels in our brain.

43. Zinc Helps with DNA production, converting protein into energy, and helps fight colds

44. Supplement Facts Serving Size 1 Tablet Each Tablet Contains% Daily Value Vitamin A 3500 IU (29% as Beta-Carotene)70% Vitamin C 60 mg100% Vitamin D 400 IU100% Vitamin E 30 IU100% Vitamin K 25 mcg31% Thiamin 1.5 mg100% Riboflavin 1.7 mg100% Niacin 20 mg100% Vitamin B 6 2 mg100% Folic Acid 400 mcg100% Vitamin B 12 6 mcg100% Biotin 30 mcg10% Pantothenic Acid 10 mg100% Calcium 200 mg20% Iron 18 mg100% Phosphorus 20 mg2% Iodine 150 mcg100% Magnesium 50 mg13% Zinc 11 mg73% Selenium 55 mcg79% Copper 0.5 mg25% Manganese 2.3 mg115% Chromium 35 mcg29% Molybdenum 45 mcg60% Chloride 72 mg2% Potassium 80 mg2% Boron 75 mcg* Nickel 5 mcg* Silicon 2 mg* Tin 10 mcg* Vanadium 10 mcg* * Daily Value not established.