1. Financing Energy Projects in Developing & Transition Economies APEC EGNRET Workshop on Financing New and Renewable Projects 12-13 May 2004, Hawaii Yonghun JUNG, Ph.D Vice President Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre

2. Total Primary Energy Demand in APEC (1980-2020) TPED is expected to grow at an annual rate of 2.1 percent (1999-2020) and it is translated into $3.3 trillion to $4.4 trillion of new investment requirement. Oil 2.1% p.a. Coal 2.1% p.a. Natural Gas 2.6 % p.a. Hydro 2.7 % p.a. Nuclear 1.7 % p.a. NRE 1.1 % p.a. (Source) APERC (2002), “Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2002”

3. Energy Growth by Region (1999-2020): Oil, Coal and Natural Gas (Source) APERC (2002), “Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 2002” Significant proportion of new investment will be required in developing economies.

4. Total Investment Requirements 2000 – 2020, by Infrastructure Total = Trillion 1999 US$ 3.4 to US$ 4.4 (Source) APERC (2003)

5. Total Investment Requirements 2000 – 2020, by Economy 1999 Billions US$ 1,307 762 689 288 243 195 162 137 103 95 91 69 68 59 48 41 25 7 4 4 10 (Source) APERC (2003)

6. Energy Investment Requirements by Region (2000-2020) China takes the largest share (29%), followed by North America (24%) and Russia (16%). (Source) APERC (2003)

7. Share of Energy Investments Relative to the Size of Economy (2000-2020) (Source) APERC (2003) Percentage Developing economies of APEC will require larger size of energy investment relative to GDP.

8. Historical Trend of Energy Investments for Utilities in Selected Member Economies (Source) APERC (2003) The relative size of energy investments greatly vary depending on the level of economic development, industry structure and living standards.

9. Risks for Energy Sector Investment Economic Risks –Completion Risk –Discount Rate Risk –Currency Risk –Environmental Risk –Raw Material Supply Risk –Infrastructure Risk Political Risks/ Institutional Risks –Political Violence –Expropriation Risk Force Majeure

10. Lessons Learned from the IPP Projects in Asia (Source) APERC (2003)

11. Share of Energy Investments Relative to the Size of Economy (2000-2020) (Source) APERC (2003) Developing economies of APEC will require larger size of energy investment relative to income level.

12. Sizes of Savings Relative to GDP (Group A, B and C) Proxy for domestic capital availability (Source) World Bank (2002), “World Development Indicators” Less than enough capital availability for developing economies of APEC.

13. Development of Bond Markets in Asia (Source) APERC (2003), “Energy Investment Outlook for the APEC Region” Development of capital market is needed to efficiently channel the available financial sources.

14. Project development comes down to financing Lack of domestic funding sources for some developing economies –Underdeveloped equity market and bond market Risk should be appropriately reflected on rate of return Reconsideration of Pricing - issue of subsidy –Question on affordability remains. International lending organisations, regional development banks and export credit agencies are and will be playing important role to add credibility to the project off-take.

15. Role of Multilateral Development Institutions Multilateral Development Institutions (MDI) include: –World Bank, IFC and IMF. Their contribution to investment in and financing of energy project plays minor role. –MDI ’ s contribution does not exceed $10 billion/year, while annual world investment requirements is more than $150 billion. Despite small contribution, MDI ’ s participation is quite important. –Improve creditworthiness of projects, –Assurance of transparent legal, administrative and regulatory procedures. E.g., the Philippines ’ National Power Corporation –The World Bank ’ s guarantee helped NPC to obtain a 15- year maturity in issuing bond.

16. Importance of Government Role: A Case of Laibin B, BOT Project in China (Source) Nevitt and Fabozzi (2000)

17. Implications Energy investments in the APEC region will be needed between US$ 3.4 trillion and US$ 4.4 trillion for the next twenty years. –Requirements of energy investment vary greatly depending on the level of economic development, industry structure and living standards. For some developing APEC economies, capital may not be readily available. –Demand prospect –Pricing, including subsidy issue –Lack of domestic capital market Project developers need to appropriately asses the demand prospect, availability of infrastructure and affordability. –Lessons have been learned that project off take depends on the structure of security package including government guarantee. Governments need to take into account economic and social benefits besides financial viability of energy projects. –Policy objectives –Environment