1. Human Population Chapter 8

2. Population: –group of individuals of the same species living in the same area & sharing genetic information Species: –All individuals capable of producing fertile offspring

3. Rates of Growth Rate of Growth = birth rate – death rate + net migration Worldwide: ~1.3% US: 0.96% Developed Nations < 1.0% Developing Nations 1.7% Rates of Countries The wealthier the country, the lower its pop. growth rate

4. Other countries (2011 est.) China: 0.49 % India 1.34% Niger: 3.64% Italy: 0.42% Japan: -0.28% Russia -0.47% Bulgaria: -0.77% From: CIA World FactbookCIA World Factbook

6. Population vs. Lifestyle I = P x A x T –I: Environmental impact/person –P: population size –A: Affluence –T: technology Developed vs Developing-- Who has a greater impact? Raising standard of living vs. decreasing growth rate

7. What is the Human Carrying Capacity? Depends on your standard of living Energy Usage Renewable/nonrenewable resources Diet Land area Food production ability

9. Prophecy of Thomas Malthus (1798) British economist Limited food supply People will keep having babies Power of Pop. Growth is greater than Earth’s ability to provide resource

10. As a result… Poverty and famine will be natural result of overpopulation Limit size of poor families, welfare Educate w/middle class values Social Darwinism Did not foresee modern food production methods Problems with the Mathus Theory

11. Factors Affecting Population Growth Infant Mortality Rate: number of deaths of those under 1 year old per 1,000 live births annually US 2011 est: 6.0 deaths/1,000 live births Life Expectancy 78.37 years –For those born in 2011

12. US Growth Rate 2011 Death Rate8.38/1000 Birth Rate13.83/1000 Migration Rate4.18/1000 Birth Rate + Migration Rate – Death Rate = 13.83 + 4.18 - 8.38 = 9.63/1000 = 0.96% https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html

13. Demographic Transition: Changes that occur in birth & death rates as industry & economics progress Pre-industrial stage: –High birth & death rates Transitional Stage: Decline in death rate –due to health and sanitation improvements. –Birth rate remains high. –Who: non-industrialized countries Industrial Stage: Period of high growth rate –Who: Most of Europe in 1700-1800’s Post-industrial: Birth rate drops toward death rate. Stable. –Happens with education. Parents invest in smaller families. –Who: Some developed countries are approaching

14. Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3

15. Page 84

16. Can be a second decline in death rate –Stages 4 & 5 –Decline in chronic diseases –Followed by 2 nd stable level

19. Mortality Rates Decreasing due to modern medicine Epidemic (acute) Disease: appears, affects relatively large % of pop, then declines ex: Influenza, measles, *plague, polio Chronic Disease: always present in a certain % of population ex: Heart Disease, Cancer In more developed countries—deaths due to chronic disease higher than epidemic.

20. Causes of Death 2002 US and Ethiopia Heart Disease 21% Stroke 7% Lung cancers 7% Pulmonary Disease 5% Alzheimer’s 4% Diabetes 3% Colorectal cancer 3% Lower respiratory infection 3% Breast Cancer 2% Traffic Accidents 2% Lower respiratory infections 12% HIV/AIDS 12% Perinatal Conditions 8% Diarrheal Disease 6% Tuberculosis 4% Measles 4% Stroke 3% Heart Disease 3% Malaria 3% Syphilis 2% From WHO

21. Factors Limiting Population Size Short term (within 1 yr): food growth/distribution, political events, weather, new disease Intermediate term (1-10 yrs): local climate changes, energy shortages, pollution, decrease in resources (fuel, wood, metals) Long term (>10 yrs): loss of groundwater, global climate change, widespread pollution

22. Age Structure What age ranges are in a population? Who is supporting the elderly? Age of workforce? Effects on economy, resources?

23. Total Fertility Rate (TFR): number of children born to a woman in her lifetime. US: –Late 1950’s3.8 –2011 est2.06 Replacement Fertility Rate of 2.1 for zero growth rate. However, pop will continue to increase for 50-200 years after TFR = 2.1, since there will still be children from when TFR > 2.1.

24. Age Pyramids

26. US Population Pyramids 1970-2010 Why does the bulge rise? Why do the bars become shorter over time?

27. Baby Boomers in the US

28. How to Stop Population Growth Delay age of first childbearing (education of girls) Promote Breast Feeding Increase Birth Control in developing countries (education/availability) National Programs to reduce birth rate Changing values on # of children