2. NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKE 2010 Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

3. SHALLOW, EARLY-MORNING, M7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND 10 km focal depth on a strike-slip fault 4:35 am M7.0 SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2010

4. New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean astride the “ring of fire,” a distinct belt of volcanic and earthquake activity that surrounds the Pacific Ocean.

5. New Zealand straddles the boundary between the Pacific and Indian-Australian plates.

6. To the north of New Zealand and beneath the eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter Indian-Australian plate in a process known as subduction (i.e., reverse faulting).

7. Within the South Island the plate margin is marked by the Alpine Fault and the plates rub past each other horizontally (i.e., strike-slip)

8. EPICENTER IN THE SOUTH ISLAND NEAR CHRISTCHURCH

9. EPICENTER: NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND

10. PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN YELLOW)

11. Every year, New Zealand experiences about 14,000 earthquakes, which are mostly small to moderate in size.

12. THE BASIC FAULT MODELS Strike-Slip Reverse Normal

13. TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

14. INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

15. In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and water services were knocked out, facades fell off buildings, homes and bridges were damaged by strong shaking, and the Christchurch Airport was closed.

16. Numerous injuries, but no deaths, largely due to the 4:35 a.m. time of occurrence, NOT the resilience of the buildings

17. DAMAGE: MOTORWAY

18. LOCAL GROUND FAILURE

19. A lot of damage occurred in the central city area comprised mainly of old brick and unreinforced masonry buildings.

20. DAMAGE: BFORE (TOP) AND AFTER (BOTTOM)

21. DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

22. DAMAGE TO CARS

23. DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

25. TYPICAL DAMAGE: UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

26. The initial estimate of the cost to repair the damage was $1.5 billion.

27. In the suburbs many houses had broken windows, toppled chimneys, cracked walls and interior damage (e.g., items thrown off shelves).