1. How to Create Note Cards

2. Source Card Type of Source Source # MLA Documentation of Source Write this exactly how it will look on the Works Cited Page

3. Source Cards 1)Number all of your sources 2)Number as many cards as you have sources 3)Write what type of source it is at the top of the card.

4. Source Card Magazine 3 Truman, Harry. “Why students don’t learn.” Time 24 Oct. 2000: 104-109.

5. Information Card Slug —how you are going to use the info in your paper Source # Information from source, “direct quote,” paraphrase, summary pg # (unless internet)

6. Heading of Info Card 1)Only a word or “slug” goes in the upper left-hand corner. 2)The slug pertains to what the whole of the card is or to the section of the paper this info belongs. How are you going to use the info on this card in your paper? 3)Ex. History, Laws, Opposition, direct quote(support), intro info

7. Information Card History of Problem (intro) Stats-Solution #1 Cause of Problem D.Q. opposition to solution #1

8. Information Cards Do not try to cram as much info onto one card as you possibly can. Put ONE (1) piece of info on each card or one quote. Do not write on the backs of the cards* Use your cards to organize your paper!!!

9. Taking Notes Summarize—put the main ideas into your own words Paraphrase—phrase by phrase statement in your own words Direct quote—exactly what it says, misspellings and all; Enclosed in quotation marks Personal comment—(*back of note cards, separate note cards)

10. Taking Notes As you examine each source, make a separate note of each fact or quotation you might want to use in your paper. Unless you are really good at manipulating text with your computer or laptop, it might be wise to use index cards when preparing notes. Be sure to identify the source of the information on the listing (include the author's name and page number on which the information appears). Try to summarize the information in your own words (or paraphrasing); use quotation marks if you copy the information exactly. (This rule should apply whether you are copying a great deal of material or only a phrase.) Give each listing a simple descriptive heading.

11. How do I decide what to write on my note cards? First, do a rhetorical triangle Purpose: Explaining a problem, identifying solutions, convincing one solution is better than the others.

12. How do I decide what to write on my note cards? THEN! Write your thesis statement OR your problem and some ideas for your solution on a note card—always keep this visible, so you remember your purpose for researching. ALWAYS REMEMBER YOUR PURPOSE FOR WRITING THIS PAPER!!!!!!!!

13. What are the differences among quoting, paraphrasing, and summarizing? These three ways of incorporating other writers' work into your own writing differ according to the closeness of your writing to the source writing. All paraphrasing info can be found at OWL at Purdue!

14. Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author. Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material.

15. How to use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries Practice summarizing the following essay, using paraphrases and quotations as you go. It might be helpful to follow these steps: 1. Read the entire text, noting the key points and main ideas. 2. Summarize in your own words what the single main idea of the essay is. 3. Paraphrase important supporting points that come up in the essay. 4. Consider any words, phrases, or brief passages that you believe should be quoted directly.

16. Why use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries? Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries serve many purposes. You might use them to... Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing Give examples of several points of view on a subject Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

17. Writers frequently intertwine summaries, paraphrases, and quotations. As part of a summary of an article, a chapter, or a book, a writer might include paraphrases of various key points blended with quotations of striking or suggestive phrases as in the following example: In his famous and influential work On the Interpretation of Dreams, Sigmund Freud argues that dreams are the "royal road to the unconscious" (page #), expressing in coded imagery the dreamer's unfulfilled wishes through a process known as the "dream work" (page #). According to Freud, actual but unacceptable desires are censored internally and subjected to coding through layers of condensation and displacement before emerging in a kind of rebus puzzle in the dream itself (page #s).

18. Paraphrase A paraphrase is... Your own rendition of essential information and ideas expressed by someone else, presented in a new form. One legitimate way (when accompanied by accurate documentation) to borrow from a source. A more detailed restatement than a summary, which focuses concisely on a single main idea. Paraphrasing is a valuable skill because... It is better than quoting information from an undistinguished passage. It helps you control the temptation to quote too much. The mental process required for successful paraphrasing helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original.

19. 6 Steps to Effective Paraphrasing Reread the original passage until you understand its full meaning. Set the original aside, and write your paraphrase on a note card. Jot down your commentary on the back of your note card—how does this help defend, oppose, support your argument or opinion. At the top of the note card, write your slug to remember how you envision using this material in your paper. Check your rendition with the original to make sure that your version accurately expresses all the essential information in a new form. Use quotation marks to identify any unique term or phraseology you have borrowed exactly from the source. Record the source (including the page) on your note card so that you can credit it easily if you decide to incorporate the material into your paper.

20. Some examples to compare The original passage: Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes. Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47. A legitimate paraphrase: In research papers students often quote excessively, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates during note taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47). An acceptable summary: Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimize the amount of quoted material in a research paper (Lester 46-47). A plagiarized version: Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper. In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes.

21. Examples from essay Example summary: Roger Sipher makes his case for getting rid of compulsory-attendance laws in primary and secondary schools with six arguments. These fall into three groups—first that education is for those who want to learn and by including those that don't want to learn, everyone suffers. Second, that grades would be reflective of effort and elementary school teachers wouldn't feel compelled to pass failing students. Third, that schools would both save money and save face with the elimination of compulsory- attendance laws. Example paraphrase: Roger Sipher concludes his essay by insisting that schools have failed to fulfill their primary duty of education because they try to fill multiple social functions. Example quotation: According to Roger Sipher, a solution to the perceived crisis of American education is to "Abolish compulsory-attendance laws and allow only those who are committed to getting an education to attend" (Page#).

22. Information Card Government Interference-(Problem) 5 A major thrust of this reform is a massive push for attaining standards by means of testing, remediation, further testing, eliminating "social promotion," more testing, eliminating frills such as music for students like Anne, and still more testing pg # if have

23. Commentary about card On the back of your card, write two comments that relate to the point you are trying to make OVERALL!! Make sure your commentary explains how the CD ties to the thesis statement. How does it support/oppose your point?

24. Sentence Stems This supports the idea that... This shows that... This highlights the idea that... This opposes the solution that... However, this shows that... YOU MUST MAKE TWO (2) COMMENTS PER CONCRETE DETAIL (FRONT OF NOTECARD!)

25. Using Quotations Even on your note cards, you must enclose all direct quotations in quotation marks. Always copy the quotation exactly as it appears in the original source. Copy spelling, internal punctuation, and capitalization even if the original contains errors.

26. READ Before you write something on a note card: –Ask yourself how it helps explain your problem or argument –Ask yourself how it helps explain your solution or support your side of the argument –Ask yourself if it helps show the downside of your solution or shows the opposing side of your argument –You have to continue to ask yourself how this relates to your thesis statement! Otherwise, you are recording info for nothing!

27. Requirements How many source cards do I need? How many information cards do I need? When do I need them?