1. The Middle East The Cradle of Civilization

2. The Ancient Middle East

3. 1. Cradle of Civilization M.E. is region where world’s oldest civilizations are found M.E. is region where world’s oldest civilizations are found 3 continents (Africa, Europe, Asia) meet in the Middle East 3 continents (Africa, Europe, Asia) meet in the Middle East –Encouraged development –Led to spread of culture, ideas –Travel led to trade

4. 2. Birthplace of monotheism Monotheism- belief in one god Monotheism- belief in one god –The 3 big monotheistic religions began in the Middle East Judaism Judaism Islam Islam Christianity Christianity

5. Quick Write How might religion and cultural differences lead to conflict in the Middle Eastern region? What might be some conflicts that stem from cultural diffusion (the spreading or mixture of various cultures)? How might religion and cultural differences lead to conflict in the Middle Eastern region? What might be some conflicts that stem from cultural diffusion (the spreading or mixture of various cultures)?

6. 3. Ancient Mesopotamia World’s 1 st civilization World’s 1 st civilization Means “Between 2 rivers” Means “Between 2 rivers” The Tigris The Tigris The Euphrates The Euphrates Why would civilizations be located near rivers? Why would civilizations be located near rivers?

7. Mesopotamia

8. 4. Mesopotamia The kingdom of Sumer developed in Mesopotamia between 4500 and 4000BC The kingdom of Sumer developed in Mesopotamia between 4500 and 4000BC Sumerians created: Sumerians created: –City-states: independent cities w/ own rulers –Agriculture: first to utilize irrigation –Cuneiform: one of the first forms of writing

9. Cuneiform

10. 5. Hammurabi Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) was King of Babylon Hammurabi (1792-1750 BC) was King of Babylon Invaded and took over Sumer Invaded and took over Sumer Created Hammurabi’s Code of Laws Created Hammurabi’s Code of Laws –World’s first written code of laws –Followed the concept of ‘an eye for an eye’

11. 6. Religion In ancient times, most practiced polytheism In ancient times, most practiced polytheism Exception: Israelites Exception: Israelites –Monotheistic –Origin of Judaism –First form of monotheism

12. 7. Origins of Judaism Known as Israelites (ancestors of Jews) Known as Israelites (ancestors of Jews) Holy Book: the Torah Holy Book: the Torah –Old Testament of the Bible Lived in Babylon (Mesopotamia) until their ejection Lived in Babylon (Mesopotamia) until their ejection Spread to other areas, including Egypt Spread to other areas, including Egypt –Known as the DIASPORA: the scattering of Jews –Viewed Judah (now Israel) as their ancestral home

13. 8. Abraham Known as the ‘father of the Jews’ Known as the ‘father of the Jews’ Founded Judaism, the first to believe there was only 1 god Founded Judaism, the first to believe there was only 1 god Story goes- Story goes- –God promised Abraham’s descendents the land of Judah (Israel) in exchange for him spreading the religion

14. 9. Diaspora and its results Jews in Egypt made slaves by the Pharaohs Jews in Egypt made slaves by the Pharaohs Led to freedom by Moses, who took them back to Judah (Israel), known as the ‘EXODUS’ Led to freedom by Moses, who took them back to Judah (Israel), known as the ‘EXODUS’ Problem: Others (Arabs) had moved into Judah while the Jews were in Egypt Problem: Others (Arabs) had moved into Judah while the Jews were in Egypt MASSIVE conflict over who has HISTORICAL CLAIM to the land: still goes on today (Israel vs. Palestine) MASSIVE conflict over who has HISTORICAL CLAIM to the land: still goes on today (Israel vs. Palestine)

15. 10. Origins of Christianity Jewish baby born in Jerusalem (Jesus) sparked the beginnings of Christianity Jewish baby born in Jerusalem (Jesus) sparked the beginnings of Christianity Local government viewed him as a troublemaker Local government viewed him as a troublemaker –He and his disciples spread the ideas of monotheism –Tried, convicted, and crucified

16. 11. Christianity Followers believed Jesus was the Messiah (son of God), a leader promised to them in the Torah Followers believed Jesus was the Messiah (son of God), a leader promised to them in the Torah Followers formed Christianity after Jesus’ death Followers formed Christianity after Jesus’ death His life and lessons became the New Testament of the Bible His life and lessons became the New Testament of the Bible

17. 12.Origins of Islam Based on the teachings of Muhammad, the ‘father of Islam’ Based on the teachings of Muhammad, the ‘father of Islam’ Revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (god) make up the Islamic Holy Book, the Qur’an Revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (god) make up the Islamic Holy Book, the Qur’an

18. Five Pillars of Islam

19. 13. Muhammad’s life 570 AD born in Mecca in Arabia 570 AD born in Mecca in Arabia Taught Islamic teachings for 12 years Taught Islamic teachings for 12 years –Leaders of Mecca drove Muhammad out –Settled in Medina –By Muhammad’s death at 62, Islam was dominant religion in Arabia

20. 14. Sunni/Shi’a- Division of Islam Sunni Believed Muslim leadership (caliphate) should be elected by Muslims Shi’a Believed Muslim leadership (caliphate) should be a direct descendent of Muhammad

21. 15. How each views Jesus Jews: Jesus is an ordinary Jewish man Jews: Jesus is an ordinary Jewish man Christians: the Messiah, or savior, God’s son by Mary Christians: the Messiah, or savior, God’s son by Mary Muslims: a prophet, sent by Allah, but not a divine figure Muslims: a prophet, sent by Allah, but not a divine figure

22. 16. Holy cities Jerusalem: Judaism, Christianity, Islam Jerusalem: Judaism, Christianity, Islam Mecca: Islam, Muhammad’s birthplace Mecca: Islam, Muhammad’s birthplace Medina: Islam, where Muhammad was forced to live Medina: Islam, where Muhammad was forced to live

23. 17. Crossroad of the Known World Middle East was highly desirable since it connected 3 continents Middle East was highly desirable since it connected 3 continents Power constantly changed hands Power constantly changed hands 1291- Ottoman Empire was born 1291- Ottoman Empire was born –Capital city: Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) –Mix of Muslims & Christians –Lasted until WWI (early 1900’s)

25. 18. Result of WWI Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1922 after they lost WWI Ottoman Empire collapsed in 1922 after they lost WWI Lost all land Lost all land Americans and Europeans PARTITIONED the land (divided it up) into mandates (region managed by others) Americans and Europeans PARTITIONED the land (divided it up) into mandates (region managed by others)

26. 19. Results of Partitioning Muslims in Middle East were forced under either French or British control Muslims in Middle East were forced under either French or British control When partitioning, Europeans paid no attention to who lived where When partitioning, Europeans paid no attention to who lived where –Redrawing the map led to Communities being split apart Communities being split apart Communities that had been enemies for centuries were forced together Communities that had been enemies for centuries were forced together Led to cultural and political disaster Led to cultural and political disaster

27. Discussion Question What factors do you think the British and French were considering when partitioning the fallen Ottoman Empire? What were the consequences for the people who lived there? What factors do you think the British and French were considering when partitioning the fallen Ottoman Empire? What were the consequences for the people who lived there?

28. Present Day Middle East

29. 20. Aftermath of WWI WWI: Sparked by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary WWI: Sparked by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary War lasted 4 years, 30 countries involved War lasted 4 years, 30 countries involved Countries took sides Countries took sides

30. 21. Conflict: Israel vs. Palestine Jews had been exiled from Israel (Diaspora) Jews had been exiled from Israel (Diaspora) No place to call their homeland No place to call their homeland In other countries, Jews’ rights were constantly violated In other countries, Jews’ rights were constantly violated

31. 22. Zionist Movement After centuries of abuse, Jews around the world established the ZIONIST movement in the 1800s After centuries of abuse, Jews around the world established the ZIONIST movement in the 1800s –Go back to Israel, their ancestral homeland –Holiest city (Jerusalem) –Control their own country (Israel)

32. 23. Problem…. While the Jews were exiled, Arabs had moved in and formed a nation called Palestine While the Jews were exiled, Arabs had moved in and formed a nation called Palestine Jews began moving back, despite the Palestinians being there…Palestinians welcomed them Jews began moving back, despite the Palestinians being there…Palestinians welcomed them

33. 24. The Holocaust Millions of Jews killed Millions of Jews killed International community ‘horrified’ after WWII ended International community ‘horrified’ after WWII ended Jews immigrated to Palestine in droves Jews immigrated to Palestine in droves

34. 25. Palestine’s unusual predicament Now Jews were supported by much of the world in their quest to return to Israel and make it their own sovereign nation Now Jews were supported by much of the world in their quest to return to Israel and make it their own sovereign nation Had been Palestine for 1,000s of years Had been Palestine for 1,000s of years Palestinians pushed back Palestinians pushed back

35. Discussion Question What should England do (they controlled the territory after WWI, so it was their decision, ultimately)? Should it become a Jewish state in order to ensure that nothing like the Holocaust could happen again OR should the Arab Palestinians continue their rule over the region as long as they protected the rights of the Jews living there? What should England do (they controlled the territory after WWI, so it was their decision, ultimately)? Should it become a Jewish state in order to ensure that nothing like the Holocaust could happen again OR should the Arab Palestinians continue their rule over the region as long as they protected the rights of the Jews living there?

36. 26. The United Nations G.B. handed the problem off to the U.N. G.B. handed the problem off to the U.N. U.N. divided up Palestine in 1948: U.N. divided up Palestine in 1948: –56% would become a sovereign Jewish country –Rest of the land belonged to Palestine –Jerusalem (which both sides wanted) would be under control of U.N.

37. 27. 1948- a bloody year Palestine never agreed to U.N.’s terms Palestine never agreed to U.N.’s terms The moment British troops left, Palestine (with Arab-country allies) attacked;lost The moment British troops left, Palestine (with Arab-country allies) attacked;lost 700,000-800,000 Palestinians forced to leave 700,000-800,000 Palestinians forced to leave Arab countries united to get rid of Israel Arab countries united to get rid of Israel Several wars over the next 30 years Several wars over the next 30 years

38. Palestinian Territories shrink

39. 28. PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization Palestinian Liberation Organization –Formed to re-take Palestine –Conceded that Jews would not leave for good –Shifted focus to creating a Palestinian state (country) in West Bank and Gaza Strip

40. 29. Result of conflict Thousands of people displaced Thousands of people displaced –Forced to become refugees Increased hostilities in Middle East Increased hostilities in Middle East Rise in power of terrorist groups (taking advantage of government instability) Rise in power of terrorist groups (taking advantage of government instability) Still fighting to this day Still fighting to this day

41. 30. Differing ethnic groups Ethnic group- people united in a shared culture Ethnic group- people united in a shared culture Three largest groups in M.E.: Three largest groups in M.E.: –Arabs: Islam (speak Arabic) –Kurds: Sunni Muslims (speak Kurdish) –Persians: Shi’a Muslim (speak Farsi)

42. Green= Arabic speaking countries

43. 31. Governing the Middle East Almost all are unitary (except Israel and Turkey) Almost all are unitary (except Israel and Turkey) As we’ve learned, several forms fall under this category As we’ve learned, several forms fall under this category We’ll compare 3: Israel, Saudi Arabia, & Iran We’ll compare 3: Israel, Saudi Arabia, & Iran

44. 32. State of Israel Parliamentary Democracy Parliamentary Democracy Head of State: President, elected by legislature (Knesset) Head of State: President, elected by legislature (Knesset) –Mostly a figurehead Head of Government: Prime Minister, appointed by President Head of Government: Prime Minister, appointed by President –Actually in charge of executive branch: works along with Knesset to make decisions –Literacy rate: 97%

45. 33. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Monarchy Monarchy Head of State and Government: KING Head of State and Government: KING No citizen participation No citizen participation Literacy rate: 76% Literacy rate: 76%

46. 34. Islamic Republic of Iran Head of State: Ayatollah (the supreme religious leader)- lifetime appointment, elected by assembly of experts Head of State: Ayatollah (the supreme religious leader)- lifetime appointment, elected by assembly of experts –Appoints all government officials Head of Government: President Head of Government: President –Actually enforces the Constitution –Government based on religion (Islam) –Literacy rate: 85%

47. 35. OPEC=OIL A confederation of countries with one interest in mind: OIL A confederation of countries with one interest in mind: OIL Organization of Petroleum (oil) Exporting Countries Organization of Petroleum (oil) Exporting Countries 4 countries in M.E.: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait 4 countries in M.E.: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait Decide how much to produce, who to sell to, how much to sell for Decide how much to produce, who to sell to, how much to sell for

48. 36. U.S. get involved in Middle East Persian Gulf War Persian Gulf War –President of Iraq, Saddam Hussein (a brutal dictator) invades Kuwait to control their oil supply –Border nations afraid they’re next –U.S. comes to Kuwait’s aid and pushes Saddam back ‘lightning’ attack: it takes only 4 days to defeat Iraq ‘lightning’ attack: it takes only 4 days to defeat Iraq

49. Persian Gulf War

50. 37. September 11 th, 2001 Al Qaeda, a militant and extremist Islamic terrorist group attacks U.S. Al Qaeda, a militant and extremist Islamic terrorist group attacks U.S. –2 passenger planes fly directly into the World Trade Center in NYC –1 plane flies into Pentagon –1 plane crashes in Pennsylvania field –Why would Al Qaeda, who rejected the idea of U.S. dominance in the world, target these two buildings? (HINT: think symbolically)

52. 38. U.S. invades Afghanistan Extremely unstable country Extremely unstable country Controlled mostly by the Taliban, extremist Islamic group Controlled mostly by the Taliban, extremist Islamic group Al Qaeda, another terrorist group, attacks U.S. on September 11 th, 2001: mastermind was Osama bin Laden, based in Afghanistan Al Qaeda, another terrorist group, attacks U.S. on September 11 th, 2001: mastermind was Osama bin Laden, based in Afghanistan

53. 39. U.S. invades Iraq Begins when Saddam Hussein (dictator of Iraq) refuses U.S. ultimatum- 2002 Begins when Saddam Hussein (dictator of Iraq) refuses U.S. ultimatum- 2002 –Bush believed Hussein was hiding Al Qaeda members and weapons of mass destruction Gave Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq Gave Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq –He didn’t –U.S. began bombing Iraq

54. 40. Hussein’s reign ends Hussein was captured in 2003 Hussein was captured in 2003 Tried and executed for crimes against humanity (torture, murder, genocide) Tried and executed for crimes against humanity (torture, murder, genocide) Found guilty Found guilty Executed in 2006 (hanged) Executed in 2006 (hanged)