1. PET/CT Workshop Presented at VCUHS by Jennifer Love and Mark Crosthwaite by Jennifer Love and Mark Crosthwaite

2. Radiation Safety and Quality Control Presented by Jennifer S. Love, CNMT, NCT

3. Radiation Safety and Quality Control Objectives Apply and calculate exposure rate using time, distance and shielding in the PET arena. Apply and calculate exposure rate using time, distance and shielding in the PET arena. Integrate ALARA and MPD concepts in the molecular imaging department. Integrate ALARA and MPD concepts in the molecular imaging department.

4. Objectives Compare and describe: well counter, dose calibrator, and survey meter. Compare and describe: well counter, dose calibrator, and survey meter. Apply and evaluate CT and PET quality control procedures Apply and evaluate CT and PET quality control procedures

5. A L A R A As Low As Reasonably Achievable time…distance…shielding

6. Back to Basics Radiation Units Roentgen: a unit for measuring the amount of gammma or x-rays in air Rad: a unit for measuring absorbed energy from radiation Rem: a unit for measuring biological damage from radiation

7. Radiation Units SI Unit Special Unit Conversion GrayRad 1Gy = 100 Rad SievertRem 1Sv = 100 rem BecquerelCurie 1Ci = 3.7x10 10

8. Radiation Units 1 rem = 1000 mrem 1 rem = 1000 mrem 1 Curie = 1000 mCi 1 Curie = 1000 mCi 1 mCi = 37 MBq 1 mCi = 37 MBq 1 Ci = 3.7x10 10 dps = 3.7x10 10 Bq = 2.22x10 12 dpm 1 Ci = 3.7x10 10 dps = 3.7x10 10 Bq = 2.22x10 12 dpm

9. Useful Terminology

10. External Radiation Dose Gamma, beta, or neutron radiation emitted by radioactive material OUTSIDE the body, exposing the skin, lens of the eye, extremities, and the whole body.

11. Internal Radiation Dose Alpha, beta, or gamma radiation emitted by radioactive material INSIDE the body, exposing internal organs such as: thyroid, lung, bone, and GI system.

12. Total Effective Dose Equivalent TEDE The sum of the effective dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures). The sum of the effective dose equivalent (for external exposures) and the committed effective dose equivalent (for internal exposures).

13. Shallow Dose Equivalent SDE Applies to the external exposure of the skin of the whole body or the skin of an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm Applies to the external exposure of the skin of the whole body or the skin of an extremity, is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm

14. Lens Dose Equivalent LDE Applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3cm Applies to the external exposure of the lens of the eye and is taken as the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3cm

15. Deep Dose Equivalent DDE Applies to external whole body exposure, is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1cm Applies to external whole body exposure, is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 1cm

16. Whole body or Extremity? Whole body for purposes of external exposure = head, trunk (including male gonads), arms above the elbow, or legs above the knee. Whole body for purposes of external exposure = head, trunk (including male gonads), arms above the elbow, or legs above the knee. Extremity = hand, elbow, arm below the elbow, foot, knee, or leg below the knee. Extremity = hand, elbow, arm below the elbow, foot, knee, or leg below the knee.

17. NRC Occupational Dose Limits Whole Body (TEDE) 5000 mrem/yr Any Organ (TODE) 50,000 mrem/yr Skin (SDE) 50,000 mrem/yr Extremity (SDE) 50,000 mrem/yr Lens of Eye (LDE) 15,000 mrem/yr Embryo/Fetus of DPW 500 mrem/yr Member of public 100 mrem/yr

18. A L A R A As Low As Reasonably Achievable time…distance…shielding

19. TIME

20. Distance

21. Inverse Square Law I (D) 2 = i (d) 2

22. I = original amount of radiation D = original distance i = new intensity d = new distance

23. Example… At 1 meter, Ted the Technologist reads that the activity level from a source is 40 mR/hr. What is the activity reading at 2 meters away from the source? I = 40 mR/hr D = 1m i = ? d = 2m 40mR/hr (1m) 2 = i (2m) 2 40mR/hr = i (4) i = 10mR/hr

24. SHIELDING !

25. Half Value Layer Thickness of the attenuator; for each HVL, the radiation is reduced by 50% exponentially.

26. Example… 100mR/hr – (1HVL) = 50mR/hr – (1HVL) = 25mR/hr – (1HVL) = 12.5mR/hr

27. Department Layout Control room Control room Hot lab Hot lab Patient prep room Patient prep room Waiting room Waiting room Scan room Scan room

28. Patient Dose Dose preparation Dose preparation Dose administration Dose administration Post-dose measurements Post-dose measurements

29. Radioactive Materials Package receipt Package receipt Storage of radioactive materials Storage of radioactive materials Disposal of radioactive materials Disposal of radioactive materials - decay in storage - decay in storage

30. Sign, sign, everywhere a sign…

31. Posting Requirements Radiation Area Radiation Area High Radiation Area High Radiation Area Very High Radiation Area Very High Radiation Area Airborne Radioactivity Area Airborne Radioactivity Area Radioactive Materials Radioactive Materials