1. 1© 2005 Sherri Heathcock 10-2 Growth & Expansion 1790-1825 Westward Bound

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4. 4 Factories > Workers move to manufacturing centers > urbanization

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8. 8 Agriculture Expands In the 1820s more than 65 percent of Americans were still farmers. With the development of the textile industries, the demand for cotton grew.

9. 9© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Southern plantation owners used slaves to grow the cotton. The cotton gin made it possible to raise larger crops. Between 1790 and 1820, cotton production increased 10000% (from 3,000 to 300,000 bales a year). Southern farmers looking for new land moved west.

10. 10© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Cities Come of Age The growth of factories encouraged the growth of industrial towns and cities. As farmers in the West shipped more and more of their products by water, towns located on major rivers grew quickly.

11. 11© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Buildings were made of wood or brick. Streets and sidewalks were unpaved, and barnyard animals often roamed freely. There were no sewers to carry waste and dirty water away, so the danger of diseases was high.

12. 12© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Fire was another threat to cities. Sparks from a fireplace or chimney could easily ignite wooden buildings and very few towns or cities had organized fire departments.

13. 13© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Cities and towns did have some advantages. They offered a variety of jobs and steady income. As cities grew, they added libraries, museums, and shops that were not available in the country. For many, the jobs and attractions of city life outweighed the dangers.

14. 14© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Moving West The first official census in 1790 showed there were nearly four million people living in the United States.

15. 15© 2005 Sherri Heathcock United States in 1790 Most of them lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundred miles of the Atlantic coast.

16. 16© 2005 Sherri Heathcock United States in 1820 By the 1820 census, the population was about 10 million, with nearly 2 million living west of the Appalachians.

17. 17© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Traveling west was not easy. The 363- mile trip from New York City to Buffalo took three weeks. A pioneer family heading west faced hardship and danger along the way.

18. 18© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Roads and Turnpikes The nation needed good roads for travel and shipping. Many private companies built turnpikes, or toll roads.

19. 19© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Many of the roads had a base of crushed stone. In areas where there was lots of mud, they built "corduroy roads" by laying logs side by side.

20. 20© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Wilderness Road Main Road from Virginia into Kentucky and later Ohio Originally used by American Indians, later carved out by Daniel Boone Used to Cross Appalachian Mts Steep, Rough, only traveled by foot or horseback. Used by thousands

21. 21© 2005 Sherri Heathcock When Ohio became a state in 1803, it asked the federal government to build a road to connect it to the East. The National Road to the West was started in 1811 and, eventually, went all the way to Illinois.

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23. 23© 2005 Sherri Heathcock River Travel River travel was more comfortable than wagon travel over bumpy roads. If they were heading downstream, pioneers just loaded their stuff on river barges.

24. 24© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Most major rivers flowed north to south, not east to west, where most people and goods were headed. Also, going against the current was extremely difficult and slow.

25. 25© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Steam engines were already being used in the late 1700s to power boats in quiet waters but they didn’t have enough power to withstand the strong currents and wind found in large rivers or open bodies of water.

26. 26© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Robert Fulton was hired to build a steamboat with an engine powerful enough to go up the Hudson River from New York City to Albany.

27. 27© 2005 Sherri Heathcock In 1807 Fulton’s “Clermont” was ready to be tested. It was 140-feet long, 14- feet wide, and made the 150-mile trip in just 32 hours! Using only sails, the trip would have taken four days.

28. 28© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Steamboats ushered in a new age in river travel. Shipping goods became cheaper and faster. Steamboats also contributed to the growth of river cities.

29. 29© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Building the Erie Canal Although steamboats improved transportation, their routes depended on existing rivers. They could not tie the eastern and western parts of the country together.

30. 30© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Business and government officials decided to build an artificial waterway across New York, connecting Albany on the Hudson River with Buffalo on Lake Erie.

31. 31© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Thousands of workers, many of them Irish immigrants, built the 363-mile Erie Canal. Along the canal they built a series of locks that raised and lowered boats at places where water levels changed.

32. 32© 2005 Sherri Heathcock After two years of digging, the Erie Canal opened on October 26, 1825. The East and Midwest were finally joined.

33. 33© 2005 Sherri Heathcock A two-mule team could pull a 100-ton barge 24 miles in a day. In the 1840s the canal banks were reinforced to accommodate steam tugboats pulling barges.

34. 34© 2005 Sherri Heathcock The success of the Erie Canal led to an explosion in canal building. By 1850 the United States had more than 3,600 miles of canals.

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38. 38© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Canals lowered the cost of shipping goods. They brought prosperity to the towns along their routes. Perhaps most important, they helped unite the growing country.

39. 39© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Western Settlement Americans moved westward in waves. The first wave led to the admission of four new states between 1791 and 1803— Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.

40. 40© 2005 Sherri Heathcock A second wave of westward growth between 1816 and 1821 resulted in five new states— Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi, Alabama, and Missouri.

41. 41© 2005 Sherri Heathcock The area west of the Appalachians was growing at an incredible rate. Ohio, for example, had only 45,000 settlers in 1800. By 1820 it had 581,000.

42. 42© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Pioneer families usually settled along large rivers like the Ohio and the Mississippi, so that they could ship their crops to market.

43. 43© 2005 Sherri Heathcock The expansion of canals allowed people to live farther away from the rivers.

44. 44© 2005 Sherri Heathcock People usually settled with others from their original communities. For instance, most settlers in Indiana were from Kentucky and Tennessee, while Michigan's pioneers came mostly from New England.

45. 45© 2005 Sherri Heathcock While life in the West did not include the conveniences of Eastern town life, Western families did have some social events. Men competed in sports like wrestling, while women met for quilting and sewing parties.

46. 46© 2005 Sherri Heathcock Everyone participated in cornhuskings, where different families worked together to strip the husks from ears of corn.

47. 47© 2005 Sherri Heathcock The pioneers had not come west to be pampered. They wanted to make a new life for themselves and their families. America's population continued to spread westward.