1. ERT 319 Industrial Waste Treatment Semester 1 2012/2013 Huzairy Hassan School of Bioprocess Engineering UniMAP

2. Waste Minimization and Management

3. Waste Management 1)Waste reduction - Uppermost, Reduction of waste at source should be achieved by developing clean technologies and processes that require less material in the end products and produce less waste in their manufacture. 2) Re-use – ex: re-use of glass bottles, involve collection, cleaning, and re-use of the same glass bottles. May be undesirable for some cases since involve cost of re-use outweigh its benefits.

4. 3) Recycling & Composting 4) Energy recovery- from waste incineration or combustion of landfill gas. 5) Landfill - Ex: glass & aluminum cans -Should have market for recycled -materials - Decomposition of organic/biodegradable materials - For soil conditioners, growing materials for plants

6. Environmental Impact Assessment Assessment is required for those projects which are likely to have a significant effect on the environment, due to their nature, size or location. For large-scale waste treatment and disposal project, such as a municipal waste incinerator or landfill site, the environmental assessment would include criteria: o Visual Impact o Air Emissions o Water Discharges o Ash Discharges

7. o Human Health – exposure to pollutant emission, ingestion via food chain, water and inhalation. Estimation of hazard and risk o Fauna & Flora - loss of habitat.. o Site Operations – analysis of risks, operational failure, operation noise.. o Traffic o Socio-economic Impacts – existing industries, benefits to employment & investment o Land-use and Cultural Heritage

8. A life-cycle assessment (LCA, also known as life-cycle analysis, ecobalance, and cradle-to-grave analysis) is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from-cradle-to-grave (i.e., from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling). LCAs can help avoid a narrow outlook on environmental concerns by: Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases; Evaluating the potential impacts associated with identified inputs and releases; Interpreting the results to help make a more informed decision.

9. Integrated Waste Management (IWM) IWM has been defined as the integration of waste streams, collections and treatment methods, environmental benefit, economic optimization, and societal acceptability into a practical system for any region. Implies the use of a range of different treatment and disposal options – no one option is better than other, but it is the best environmentally & economically sustainable for a particular region.

10. Environmental sustainability  means the options & integration of those options should produce a waste management system that reduces overall environmental impacts, including energy consumption, pollution of land, air and water and loss of amenity. Economic sustainability  means that the overall costs of waste management systems should operate at a cost level acceptable to all areas of the community, including householders, businesses, institutions, government.

12. Definition of IWM in terms of the integration of six functional elements : 1)Waste generation 2)Waste handling and separation, storage and processing at the source 3)Collection 4)Separation, processing and transformation of solid waste 5)Transfer and transport 6)Disposal

14. THANK YOU