1. “ The Treatment of Racialized Peoples in Canada” ELIZABETH SHIN

2.  The focus of my practicum was the topic of racism and its influence on the treatment of racialized peoples in Canada.  Specifically, I looked at exemplar cases of “Driving While Black” (DWB) and “Flying While Arab” (FWA).

3.  Why is this sociologically relevant?  Has potential to dispel or challenge certain myths  Lead to a more open-minded or informed politics  Why is the issue of racial profiling a problem?  Because Canada is a multicultural nation

4.  Critical Race Theory  Argues that racism is the main factor that obstructs racialized people from achieving equality (Degaldo, 1987; Alyward, 1999)  Structure of society  Racism core role  “Colour-blind” approach

5.  Themes Found in Research:  Research uncovered racialized inequalities in the Canadian criminal justice system  Process of criminalization - Way we label or identify immigrants  Post 9/11

6.  To what extent is racism in the criminal justice system associated with the phenomenon of “Driving While Black” (DWB) and “Flying While Arab” (FWA)?

7.  Content Analysis  Secondary data collection and analysis – within last 5-10 years  News articles of cases  Scholarly research  Examined 4 cases (2-DWB & 2-FWA)  DWB – Kingston and Wilson  FWA – Arar and Toronto Four

8.  “Driving While Black” (DWB)  Kingston Case (2001)  “Flying While Arab” (FWA)  Arar Case (2003)

9.  Findings from this research help us understand the nature of the connection between immigration and crime by dispelling certain myths and bringing this nexus more in line with the reality of minority or immigrant conflict with the law.  “Once an immigrant, always an immigrant”  I conclude that there is no clear-cut line indicating the specific extent of racism and its influence on various outcomes within criminal justice.

10.  Development of a formal policy because research shows us that people are policed differently according to individuals’ ethno-cultural backgrounds  Need to ensure that practice of racial profiling is eliminated – because it exists, is discussed, and it violates the human rights code and Charter (both of which outlaw discrimination on the basis of ethno- cultural background)

11.  Build body of evidence that includes data about the ethno-cultural background of those in conflict with the law  Draws on the perspectives from both victims of racialized policing & officers making arrests

12. Alyward, C.A. (1999). Canadian Critical Race Theory: Racism and the Law. Nova Scotia, HA: Hignell Printing Ltd. Ahooja, S. (2011). The Fight for Justice. Canadian Dimension, 45, 32-34. Retrieved from EBSCHOhost Academic Search Complete database. Arar, M. (2003, November 4). Maher Arar: statement. CBC News Online. Retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/arar/arar_statement.html http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/arar/arar_statement.html Barnes, A. (2009). Displacing Danger: Managing Crime Through Deportation. Journal of International Migration and Immigration, 10, 431-445. Retrieved from Google Scholar database. CBC News. 2005. “Police Stop More Blacks, Ont. Study Finds.” At April 6.http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2005/05/26/race050526.html CBC News. 2007. “CSIS Suspected U.S. Would Deport Arar to be Tortured: Documents.” At April 6. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2007/08/09/arar-report.html CBC News. 2008. “Winnipeg Police Apologize to Rapper for Gunpoint Pull Over.” At. April 6. http://www.cbc.ca/news/arts/music/story/2008/06/07/winnipeg-rapper-apology.html?ref=rss Chan, W., Mirchandani, K., Jiwani, Y. (2002). Crimes of Colour: Racialization and the Criminal Justice System in Canada. (The Criminalization of “Race,” the Racialization of Crime.) Orchard Park, NY: broadview press. Comack, E. (2012). Racialized Policing: Aboriginal People’s Encounters With the Police. Halifax & Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. Greaves, L., Kirby, S. L., & Reid, C. (2010). Experience Research Social Change: Methods Beyond the Mainstream, Second Edition. Toronto ON: University of Toronto Press Incorporated. Hamalengwa, M. (2003, August 24-25). The Role of the Judiciary in Racial Profiling: A Case Study of Canada [Paper]. Retrieved from http://www.isrcl.org/Papers/HamalengwaA.pdf http://www.isrcl.org/Papers/HamalengwaA.pdf Hartnagel, T., F. (2009). Correlates of Criminal Behaviour Pp 137-172 in Rick Linden, eds. Criminology: A Canadian Perspective, Sixth Edition. Toronto ON: Nelson Education Ltd.

13. Ibrahim, M. (2005). The Securitization of Migration: A Racial Discourse. International Migration, 43, 163-187. Retrieved from Google Scholar database. Jary, D. (2012, December 20). Collins dictionary of sociology [Electronic source]. Retrieved from http:///www.credoreference.om/letter_picker.jsp?vol=432 http:///www.credoreference.om/letter_picker.jsp?vol=432 Owusu-Bempah, A., & Millar, P. (2010). Research Note: Revisiting the Collection of “Justice Statistics by Race” in Canada. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 25, 97-104. Roberts, D. J., & Mahtani, M. (2010). “Neoliberalizing Race, Racing Neoliberalism: Placing “Race” in Neoliberal Discourses.” Journal of International Migration and Immigration, 42(2), 248-257. Westhues, A., & George, U. (2006). Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives. (Immigration and Refugee Policy in Canada: Past, Present, and Future.) Waterloo, ON: Wilfred Laurier University Press. Wilkinson, L. (2009). Are Human Rights Jeopardized in Twenty-First Century Canada? An Examination of Immigration Policies Post-9/11 Pp 102-124 in Sandra Rollings-Magnusson, eds. Anti-Terrorism: Security and Insecurity after 9/11. Halifax & Winnipeg: Fernwood Publishing. Wortley, S. (2009). “Introduction. The Immigration-Crime Connection: Competing Theoretical Perspectives.” Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10(4), 349-358. Wortley, S., & Owusu-Bempah, A. (2009). “Unequal Before the Law: Immigrant and Racial Minority Perceptions of the Canadian Criminal Justice System.” Journal of International Migration and Integration, 10(4), 447-473.

14.  University of Manitoba  Faculty of Arts  Department of Sociology  Professor Lori Wilkinson  Professor Mary-Anne Kandrack  Class of SOC 3100

15. THANK YOU!