1. Chapter 15 Health Psychology

2. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 2 Biopsychosocial Approach to Physical Health

3. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 3 Characteristics of Stressful Events Uncontrollability  Natural disasters, many illnesses Unpredictability  Earthquakes, some job layoffs, accidents  Duration  Chronic stress, long-term consequences

4. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 4 Fight-or-Flight Response

5. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 5 PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS AND HEALTH Appraisals and Pessimism Coping Strategies

6. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 6 Pathways By Which Pessimism Might Impair Health Pessimism Perceive more events as uncontrollable and stressful Chronic physiological arousal Impaired health Unhealthy behaviors

7. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 7 PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN SPECIFIC DISEASES Immune system diseases  Cancer  HIV/AIDS Cardiovascular diseases  Coronary Heart Disease  Hypertension

8. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 8 Personality and Coronary Heart Disease Type A behavior pattern  Sense of time urgency  Easily aroused hostility  Competitive striving for achievement

9. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 9 Interventions to improve health- related behaviors Guided mastery techniques  Provide explicit information about how to engage in positive health-related behaviors and opportunities to do so in increasingly challenging situations.  Goals: to increase skills and beliefs that they can engage in the behaviors (self-efficacy beliefs). The Internet as a tool for health behavior change

10. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 10 SLEEP AND HEALTH Sleep is critically important to health Poor sleep related to poorer physical health (e.g., immune functioning, cardiovascular disease) Poor sleep related to impaired psychological functioning (e.g., memory, learning, decision making) Stress is a frequent contributor to sleeping problems

11. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 11 Groups of Sleep Disorders Sleep disorder due to another mental disorder Sleep disorder due to a general medical condition Substance-induced sleep disorder Primary sleep disorder  Dyssomnias  Parasomnias

12. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 12 Dyssomnias Primary insomnia Difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or nonrestorative sleep, for at least 1 month. Primary hypersomnia Excessive sleepiness for at least 1 month as evidenced by either prolonged sleep episodes or daytime sleep episodes that occur almost daily. Narcolepsy Irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep that occur daily over at least 3 months, plus either cataplexy or recurrent intrusions of elements of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

13. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 13 Dyssomnias, continued Breathing-related sleep disorder Sleep disruption, leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia, that is due to a sleep-related breathing condition such as apnea. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder Sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness or insomnia that is due to a mismatch between the sleep-wake schedule required by a person’s environment and his or her circadian sleep-wake pattern.

14. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 14 Parasomnias Nightmare disorder Repeated awakenings with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem. On awakening, person is alert and oriented. Sleep terror disorder Repeated abrupt awakenings beginning with a panicky scream; intense fear and signs of autonomic arousal; amnesia for the episode and relative unresponsiveness to comfort. Sleep- walking disorder Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about; wakened only with much difficulty; amnesia for the episode; no impairment of mental activity or behavior.

15. Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 15 15