1. Naming Compounds 1) Monoatomic Compounds –Binary Ionic Compounds Simple: metal (group 1 or 2) and non-metal Complex: metal (transition:d-block) and non-metal –Binary Covalent Compounds Two non-metals 2) Polyatomic Compounds –Metal and Polyatomic ion (2 non-metals) 3) Acids –Binary Acids: without oxygen –Oxyacids: with oxygen

2. 1) Monoatomic Compounds Monoatomic Ions: ions formed from a single atom most atoms try to get noble gas notation lose electrons -- positive cations gain electrons -- negative anions exceptions: lead and tin tend to lose 2 e- in p orbital to form +2 cations Elements in the d-block form +2, +3 ions (+1, +4) Many d-block elements form two ions of different charge Ex: Copper can form +1 or +2 cations Iron and Chromium can form +2 or +3

3. Binary Ionic Compounds Binary Compounds: composed of two different elements –total number of pos. and neg. charges must be equal –use the charges to determine the formula –Mg forms a Mg +2 cation, Br forms a Br -1 anion, Formula is MgBr 2 (need 2 Br ions for every Mg ion) Determining Formulas: 1) Write symbols for the ions side by side with charges 2) Cross over the charges using one ion’s charge as the subscript for the other ion 3) Divide subscripts by their largest common factor to give the smallest possible whole-number ratio of ion. 4) Write the formula Al +3 O -2 Al 2 O 3

4. Binary Ionic Compounds Simple: metal (group 1 or 2) and non-metal All compounds are neutral in charge! When compounds form the cation is always first and the anion is second (cation-anion) Cations: are just the name of the element K: Potassium K + : Potassium cation Anions: are a little more complicated. 1) the ending of the element’s name is dropped 2) the ending -ide is added to the root F: Fluorine F - : Fluoride anion Potassium Fluoride K + F - KF

5. Binary Ionic Compounds Complex: metal (transition:d-block) and non-metal Just like simple binary ionic, but instead of group 1 or 2 metals, you have transition metals Transition metals have multiple ionic charges- more than one possibility Cations: are just the name of the element followed by a Roman Numeral indicating the charge CuCl: Copper must have a +1 charge, so Copper (I) Anions: 1) the ending of the element’s name is dropped 2) the ending -ide is added to the root CuCl: Copper (I) Chloride [FeCl 2 : Iron (II) Chloride]

6. Binary Covalent Compounds Two Non-metals Prefix System: using prefixes if front of the atom’s name to indicate the number of each atom Prefix system: mono- 1 di- 2 tri-3 tetra- 4 penta-5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octo- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Rules for Prefix system: –1) the least electronegative element is first *the order of nonmetals C,P,N,H,S,I,Br,Cl,O,F prefix (indicating the number of atoms) + the name of the element (given a prefix only if there is more than one)

7. –2) The second element combines (a) a prefix indication the number of atoms (b) the root of the name of this element, and (c) the ending -ide –3) The o or a at the end of a prefix is usually dropped when the word following the prefix begins with another vowel (ex: monoxide, pentoxide) P 4 O 10 tetraphosphorus decoxide N 2 O 4 dinitrogen tetroxide CO 2 carbon dioxide (do not include mono-prefix for the first element)

8. 2) Polyatomic Compounds Metal and Polyatomic ion (2 non-metals) ions that are composed of more than one type of atom they often contain oxygen in many cases more then one polyatomic ion is formed from the same two (different) atoms Rules For Naming a Polyatomic ion: 1) The element that is listed first is responsible for the name, it becomes the root of the name 2) the ending is what is different: –the most common ion has the ending -ate –the one with one less oxygen has the ending -ite –NO 3 - Nitrate NO 2 - Nitrite

9. Sometimes, more than 2 exist 1) The one with one less oxygen than the -ite ion also gets a -hypo prefix. (ClO -1 hypochlorite) 2) The one with one more oxygen than the most common gets a -per prefix (ClO 4 -1 perchlorate) ClO 3 -1 chlorate ClO 2 -1 chlorite Now that you can name the polyatomic ion, what happens when it is paired with a cation to form a compound ALL TOGETHER: –named just like binary ionic compounds - name of cation first, then the name of the anion - AgNO 3 is silver nitrate, AgNO 2 is silver nitrite

10. 3) Acids and Salts There are two types of acids: the word acid is always at the end of the name Binary Acids : consist of two elements usually when a hydrogen bonds with a halogen (gr. 17) HCl, HF, HI, HBr 1) hydro is the prefix 2) then the root name + -ic ending 3) then the word acid (hydro _______ic acid) HCl hydrochloric acid, HBr is hydrobromic acid

11. Oxyacids : acids that contain hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element (usually a non-metal) when hydrogen bonds with a polyatomic ion HNO 2, H 2 SO 4, HClO, HClO 4, H 2 CO 3, etc. Naming: –Do not use Hydro- prefix 1) the polyatomic name first 2) then replace -ate with -ic and replace -ite with -ous 3) then the word acid - HNO 3 is Nitric Acid - HNO 2 is Nitrous Acid

12. Naming Hydrates Hydrate: a crystalline salt and water Use same prefixes for water as used for covalent Mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca. Name salt...then prefix for water…then “hydrate” Ex: CuSO 4 * 5H 2 O copper (II) sulfate pentahydrate

13. Naming Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon: contains carbon and hydrogen Use prefixes to indicate the number of carbons in the chain (1) meth, (2) eth, (3) prop, (4) but, (5) pent, (6) hex, (7) hept, (8) oct, (9) non, (10) dec Single bonded Carbon: …….“ane” –C n H 2n+2 –Ex: C 2 H 6 is ethane

14. Double bonded Carbon:……. “ene” –C n H 2n –Ex: C 2 H 4 is ethene Triple bonded Carbon:…….. “yne” –C n H 2n-2 –C 2 H 2 is ethyne

15. Oxidation Numbers - used for covalent bonds and instead of charges (ions) 1) Atoms of a pure element have an oxidation number “0”. Pure Na or O 2 have an oxidation # equal to “0” 2) More electronegative element has oxid # = to its charge (if it were an anion). Least electronegative element has oxid # = to its charge (if it were a cation). 3) Oxygen is -2, except when it is O 2, then it is -1 4) Hydrogen is +1, except when with a metal, it is -1 5) the sum of the oxid. #s is equal to zero (neutral), except for a polyatomic ion, when the sum is equal to the ion’s overall charge. (NO 3 -1 )

16. Using names to predict formulas BINARY IONIC COMPOUNDS 1) First identify the element for each part of the name 2) Then figure out either the ionic charge for each element (use periodic table) 3) A roman number indicates the element’s charge 4) By using the charges, determine the number of each element in the compound (use criss-cross if needed) REMEMBER: the overall charge is zero or neutral EX: Aluminum sulfide: Al = +3 and S = -2 Criss Cross: Al 2 S 3

17. Using names to predict formulas BINARY COVALENT COMPOUNDS 1) First identify the element for each part of the name 2) Then figure out either the oxidation number for each element 3) The prefix for each element indicates it’s oxidation number 4) If no prefix is used in the first element, there is only one of that element REMEMBER: the overall charge is zero or neutral EX: Phosphorus pentachloride: 1-P and 5-Cl PCl 5

18. Using names to predict formulas ACIDS 1) If the word “acid” is used, a hydrogen is always at the beginning of the compound 2) If Hydro was used: identify the halogen used 3) If hydro was not used : Write the name of the polyatomic ion used 4) Change an “-ic” ending to an “-ate” ending Change an “-ous” ending to an “-ite” ending 5) “-ate” ending indicates the ion with more oxygens “-ite” ending indicates the ion with one less oxygen than the “-ate” ending

19. numerically equal to formula mass H 2 O : 2 mol H x 1.01 g H = 2.02 g H mol H 1 mol O x 16.00 g O = 16.00 g O mol O molar mass of H 2 O = 18.02 g/mol Use molar mss to convert grams to moles –How many moles of CO 2 are in 88 grams of CO 2 – 88 g CO 2 x 1 mole CO 2 = 2 moles CO 2 44 g CO 2 Molar Mass

20. Percent Composition Percent = mass of element x 100% mass of compound The mass percentage of an element in a compound is the same regardless of the sample’s size. Cu 2 S: Has 2 mol Cu and 1 mol S for every 1 mol Cu 2 S 2 mol Cu x 63.55 g Cu = 127.1 g Cu 1 mol Cu 1 mol S x 32.07 g S = 32.07 g S 1 mol S molar mass of Cu 2 S = 159.2 g Cu 2 S % Cu: (127.1 g Cu / 159.2 g Cu 2 S) x 100 = 79.84 % Cu % S: (32.07 g S / 159.2 g Cu 2 S) x 100 = 20.14 % S

21. Percent Composition for Hydrates If 125 grams of magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is completely dehydrated, how many grams of anhydrous magnesium sulfate will remain? MgSO 4 has mass of 24.3 + 32 + 16(4) = 120.3 g/mol H 2 O has a mass of 2+ 16 = 18g/mol There are 7 waters for 7 x 18 = 126 g Total mass of hydrate is 246.3 grams % of salt in the hydrate is 120.3 x 100% = 48.8% salt 246.3 So 48.8% of 125g = 0.488 x 125g = 61grams remain

22. Determining Chemical Formulas Empirical formula: symbols for elements in a compound, with subscripts showing the smallest whole number ratio - can use percent composition to determine empirical formula - assume a 100 g sample 78.1 % B and 21.9 % H 78.1 g B x (1 mol B /10.81 g B) = 7.22 mol B 21.9 g H x (1 mol H / 1.01 g H) = 21.7 mol H - now divide by the smaller of the two 7.22 mol B : 21.7 mol H = 1:3 ratio = BH 3 7.22 7.22

23. Determining Molecular Formula - from Empirical Formula (EF) x (empirical formula mass) = molecular mass Example: –If the Molecular Mass is 41.52 g/mol for the Empirical Formula of BH 3, what is the molecular formula (MF)? –x( EFM) = MM x(13.83) = 41.52 x = 3 MF = B 3 H 9