1. Chapter 9 Urban Geography

2. intro Urban morphology- how a city is physically built and how it is laid out across space –Berlin was a laid out as a split city between physical walls

3. Why did people start living in cities? City- a grouping people and buildings that facilitate politics, culture, and economics –Majority of people live in cities or urban areas –Urbanization is not happening at the same speed (happens faster in modern cities)

4. Hunting and gathering Agriculture village- whole area was involved in agriculture and produced enough to live on –First Agriculture hearth in SW Asia (Iran/Fertile crescent) and then India and Mexico

5. City formation Agriculture surplus- enough food left over to create food to trade Social stratification- where some people emerge in a higher class than others Leadership class- urban elite, control over resources and people –Writing helped est. rules

6. First Urban Revolution Occurred in 5 different hearths (independent invention) –Mesopotamia –Nile River –Indus River Valley –Huang He and Wei river Valleys –Mesoamerica Cities the center of religion, power, and trade

7. Greek cities 500 BCE; at its height 500 cities with Athens the center Every city had an acropolis (high point) and an agora (public market) Great influence of Roman and later American cities

8. Roman cities Largest system up to that point with Rome the capital Created a road network Adopted the Greek grid road formation Forum the focal point

9. Middle ages had little urban growth in Europe, but major growth in Asia with the silk road; West Africa, and Mexico Connect all the early Eurasian cities and create the URBAN BANANA a zone from England to Japan With colonization cities built on coast for mercantilism- trade dominance

10. Second urban revolution Industrial revolution of great Britain –Allowed farmers to move to the cities for factory work –European cities built along coal fields and railroads –Cities overcrowded and bad sanitation –America followed a cleaner path –American cities created rust belt in late 1900s when factories moved to Asia

11. Rank size rule- population of a city will be inversely related to its rank in the urban hierarchy 1.Miami 12 million 2.Tampa 6 million (1/2) 3.Jax 4 million (1/3) 4.Orlando 3 million (1/4) Doesn’t always work…but usually

12. Where are cities located and why Trade area (economic reach/economic hinterland)- city and adjacent regions where the city’s influence is dominant (Orlando- Longwood, Winter Springs, Lake Mary…)

13. Central Place Theory Predicts how and where the center is of an urban hierarchy –For theory to work must have: flat surface, fertile soil, even population, transport network, no physical barriers –Big city caters to medium cities, medium cities cater to small cities, small cities cater to towns… –Cities are spaced apart for competition

14. Each city has an exclusive area of sales Diagrammed it where each trade area is a hexagon Conclusion of theory- cities are spaced apart based on population, trade and distance

15. Central place theory today Only moderately applicable Sunbelt Phenomenon- millions of Americans moving North to South and Southwest; Latin American moving North to these areas New dominant cities emerging- (Atlanta, Phoenix, Dallas)

16. Watch supplemental ppoint

17. How cities are organized Models of all cities are broken into functional zones/specialized regions –CBD- Central Business District or main downtown with high land value, busy traffic, and buildings –Central city- urban area outside CBD but not in the suburbs, residential city –Suburbanization- process where land outside of the city changes to residential with large expensive homes

18. American city models Concentric Zone/Burgess model- divides the city into 5 circular zones and the city grows the circles grow and overlap Sector/Hoyt model- divided in pie slices and city grows outward from center Multiple nuclei- CBD is no longer dominant and has many different dominant areas (one for industry, one for residential, one for colleges)

19. Urban realms- not a model but an idea that each realm of a city is completely self sufficient with their only edge city or mini CBD

20. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) Combo of sectors and concentric circles CBD and spine are the main areas of working class and wealthy. Some middle class in zone of maturity All other areas are different degrees of poor (disamenity the worst)

21. African City Three CBDs (colonial, market, transitional) Neighborhoods divided more on ethnic than money (outer area poorest)

22. Southeast Asian city (McGee) Focal point is the colonial port and commercial zones of foreign investment (Western and alien zones)

23. Making Cities Cities suffering from poor moving in due to imaginary pull factors Leads to overpopulation and creation of shantytowns (unplanned shack towns around the city) Zoning laws say what property can be used for (residential or business)

24. Changing neighborhoods Redlining- banks would identify a “risky” neighborhood and not give them money for improvements (making them worse) Blockbusting- occurred pre civil rights where realtors would sell a house in a white neighborhood to an African American family and the encourage other whites to move creating white flight

25. Commercialization- transforming a downtown to be more appealing with “waterfronts’ (Miami), marketplaces, anything to attract tourist downtown Multiplier effect- when an employer moves in or out of a city, it effects jobs across the city Gentrification- people buy old downtown houses or condos and renovate them to draw residents back to CBD (single, retired, alternate lifestyles)

26. Tear downs- renovating homes in suburb instead of building new ones (in Winter Park) Urban sprawl- growth of housing and commercial developments over a large areas of land New urbanism- idea of creating a walkable self sufficient neighborhood (Celebration) –Creates questions of racism and economic superiority

27. Gated communities- fenced in neighborhoods with controlled gates and security –Used to increase housing values and known to reduce crime (case study in Ohio proved this) Ethnic neighborhoods- most migrants move here from periphery countries –Many participate in the informal economy (not taxed income)

28. World cities Cities that are globally strong and control the economy 10 world cities: London, Paris, NY Tokyo, Chicago, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, LA, Milan, Singapore Primate city- one dominant city of a country (Paris) London- attempts to slow growth with a greenbelt

29. Spaces of consumption: areas for major advertising and product influence (Time Square)