1. The Age of Exploration Unit 3: Term 3

2. Success Criteria:  MUST:  Understand what the Renaissance was  SHOULD:  Understand what changes came about as a result of the Renaissance  COULD:  Understand why the age of exploration came about because of the Renaissance Unit 3: The Age of Exploration: Lesson 15

3. In your workbook: 1.What does the word Renaissance mean? 2.Can you give 4 reasons why the Renaissance happened and explain why they helped cause the Renaissance. 3.List any examples of things that changed during the Renaissance?

4. WHAT CAUSED THE RENAISSANCE? Fall of Constantinople to the Islamic Ottoman Empire. Christian scholars fled to Rome, Paris etc. They brought with them ‘lost’ manuscripts full of Greek and Roman ‘classical’ knowledge. This prompted people to copy these designs and ideas. Rich people couldn’t get their silks and spices because the Turks blocked the route. This led to the Voyages of exploration to find alternative routes. The Printing Press was invented in Germany. ‘New’ ideas could be copied quickly and spread. Critics of the Roman Catholic church could gain support quickly. Maps could be produced to encourage further exploration. Spirit of Nationalism developed. Countries, kings, families and states competed to be the best at everything. People patronised and encouraged artists, explorers etc to produce new works for them. Merchants had become rich during the middle ages. They had extra cash to spend.

8. Think: Why did the Renaissance change the way Europeans thought?

10. The Search for Spices Unit 3: The Age of Exploration: Lesson 16 - 17

11. Read the transcript of the CCWH Video: 15 th Century Mariners Questions on 15 th Century Mariners: When were Zheng He's voyages? Why did Zheng He go on his voyages? How did the Chinese Tribute missions work? Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? How did the Portuguese create the Trading Post Empire? Why did Columbus go on his voyage?

12. Let’s watch:

13. Technology of Exploration ● Open water sailing required sailors trained in navigation, accurate maps and ocean going ships ● You also needed maps ● Cartographers - mapmakers

14. Exploring the Sea ● Europeans traded long before the Renaissance ● The Crusades introduced Europeans to many luxury goods from Asia ● The most valued items were spices ● The chief source of spices was the Moluccas ● An island chain in present-day Indonesia Spice Islands

15. Portugal Sails East ● Mapping the Coast of Africa ● Prince Henry the Navigator saw great promise in Africa ● The Portuguese could convert the Africans, who practiced either Islam or tribal religions, to Christianity ● Also believed that in Africa he would find the sources of riches the Muslim traders controlled ● Hoped to find an easier way to Asia by going around Africa

16. Portugal Sails East ● Henry gathered scientists, cartographers, and other experts ● They redesigned ships, prepared maps, and trained captains and crews for long voyages ● Henry’s ships then slowly worked their way down south to explore the western coast of Africa

17. Portugal Sails East ● Henry died in 1460, but the Portuguese continued their quest ● Bartholomeu Dias ● In 1488, rounded the southern tip of Africa ● Despite the turbulent seas around it, the tip became known as the Cape of Good Hope ● Because it opened the way for a sea route to Asia

18. Portugal Sails East ● Vasco da Gama ● In 1497, da Gama followed in Dias’s footsteps, led four ships around the Cape of Good Hope ● After a ten-month voyage, da Gama reached the great spice port of Calicut on the west coast of India

19. Portugal Sails East ● On the long voyage home, the Portuguese had lost half their ships, and many sailors died of hunger, thirst, and scurvy ● A disease caused by the lack of Vitamin C in the diet ● Despite the hard journey, the venture proved highly profitable

20. Unit 3: Why did Columbus go on his journey and how did it lead to the age of exploration?

21. Success criteria:  MUST:  Understand who Columbus was and what his journey was like  SHOULD:  Understand why he went on his journey  COULD:  Understand what impact Columbus’s journey had on Europe and the Americas

23.  Born: 1451 in Genoa, Italy.  Sent: by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain.  Died: May 20, 1506 in Valladolid, Spain

24. Reason for Exploring  He thought that Japan and the Indies were much closer than they are.  Explore a new route to the East Indies (Spice Islands) to avoid the Ottoman Turks at Constantinople.  He would become Governor of any lands discovered and so gain power.  He could keep 10% of any wealth he discovered.

25. His Voyage He took 3 ships:  the Niña (70ft)  the Pinta (70 ft)  the Santa Maria (100ft) A crew of about 90 men and boys He set sail on Aug 3, 1492 from port of Palos, Spain.

26. His 1 st Voyage  It was a dangerous voyage into uncharted waters.  They made good time, but it was much further than he thought.  Columbus was forced to ration food & drink.  October 10 th 1492 – the crew became mutinous. They wanted to turn back.

27. Oct 12 th..sighted land “Tierra, tierra.” Columbus had made it. He named the land San Salvador meaning Holy Saviour. He returned home a hero. Columbus maintained to the day he died that he had found a new route to India or China! He paved the way for further explorations in an Age of Discovery. His 1 st Voyage

28. After 6 weeks at sea. You stumble on to land. What do you do? How do you feel? What do you see? How do you react? Are you scared? What are the people like? Write 150 words of Columbus’s log to explain what it was like to first sight land.

29. DO NOW  Read the passage about Aztec human sacrifices.  Write a step by step process for human sacrifice: What are the steps needed?

30. SUCCESS CRITERIA : MUST : Understand what the Aztec religion and empire was like SHOULD : Understand how the Spanish were able to conquer the Aztecs so quickly and what the Columbian Exchange was. COULD : Understand the impact of Columbus’ journeys on the Americas and Europe

31. AZTEC GODS

32. Aztec Gods RReligion was extremely important in Aztec life. TThey worshipped hundreds of gods and goddesses, each of whom ruled one or more human activities or as aspects of nature e.g. sun, rain. TThey believe that everything in life is controlled by the gods, they bring good things, such as rain to make the crops grow, but also bad things like disease, drought and bad luck.

33.  The Aztecs thought that the power of the gods should be acknowledged and thanks given to them, so as to avoid the catastrophes that their rage could cause.  For this reason monuments temples and statues were built, and sacrifices performed as gifts to the gods.

34. Huitzilopochtli (Hummingbird)  He was the god of war and the rising sun and special guardian of Tenochtitlan.  He was the special god of the Aztec people, they believed he brought them success in war.  His temple on the main pyramid was the focus of fearsome sacrifices of the prisoners captured by Aztec warriors. Victims’ heads were strung as trophies on a great rack.  He was always shown as a warrior. He wears a warrior’s cotton oversuit and carries a shield and a snake of fire. His body and clothes are painted blue.

35. Quetzalcoatl (Feathered Serpent)  He was the wind god and also the god of knowledge.  He was usually a friend to the people. He taught them many skills, such as picture writing, art and science.  He taught men the calendar and devised ceremonies  He was shown with a beard to represent age or an old man.  He wore the mask of a serpent and a hat decorated with the feathers of a quetzal bird.

36. Tlaloc  Tlaloc was the rain god.  He was known as “he who makes things sprout”.  The rain he brought allowed crops to grow.  Tlaloc also controlled storms, thunder and lightening.  He was shown holding lightening in the form of a snake in one hand.  In the other hand he held an axe which makes thunder- bolts.  The jaguar he sometimes had coming from his mouth is the roar of thunder.  Tlaloc is always shown with goggle eyes and long teeth.

38. DO NOW: Unit 3: LO: What was the interaction between the Spanish and the Aztecs?

41. How did the Aztecs rule?  The Aztecs were a poor, nomadic group when they first arrived in the Valley of Mexico around 1200 AD.  They became stronger and by 1428, they had joined with two other city-states to form the Triple Alliance.  Together, they became the dominant power in the area controlling around 80,000 square miles by 1500.  The empire had an estimated population of between 5 and 15 million.  They kept control by demanding tribute and attacking any city that disobeyed.

42. Why did the empire fail?  In 1502, a new ruler, Moctezuma II came to power.  He was a weak king.  The Aztecs had demanded an increasing number of sacrifice victims from the provinces and now Moctezuma demanded even more.  A number of the provinces rebelled.  There was a period of unrest and rebellion.

43. The myth of Quetzalcoatl (kehtSAHLkohAHTuhl)  Earlier civilisations had worshipped Quetzalcoatl.  According to these legends, after his exile from Tula, the god travelled east, crossing the sea on a raft of snakes. He would return one day, bringing a new reign of light and peace.  The myth of Quetzalcoatl would come back to haunt the greatest empire of Mexico, the Aztecs.

44.  Cortés Conquers the Aztecs Soon after landing in Mexico, Cortés learned of the vast and wealthy Aztec Empire in the region’s interior. After marching for weeks through difficult mountain passes, Cortés and his force of roughly 600 men finally reached the magnificent Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán.  The Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, was convinced at first that Cortés was a god wearing armour. He agreed to give the Spanish explorer a share of the empire’s existing gold supply. The conquistador was not satisfied. Cortés admitted that he and his comrades had a “disease of the heart that only gold can cure.”  In the late spring of 1520, some of Cortés’s men killed many Aztec warriors and chiefs while they were celebrating a religious festival. In June of 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish intruders and drove out Cortés’s forces. The Spaniards, however, struck back. Despite being greatly outnumbered, Cortés and his men conquered the Aztecs in 1521.

45. How were the Spanish able to conquer so quickly?  Several factors played a key role in the stunning victory. First, the Spanish had the advantage of superior weaponry. Aztec arrows were no match for the Spaniards’ muskets and cannons.  Second, Cortés was able to enlist the help of various native groups. With the aid of a native woman translator named Malinche, Cortés learned that some natives resented the Aztecs. They hated their harsh practices, including human sacrifice. Through Malinche, Cortés convinced these natives to fight on his side.  Finally, and most important, the natives could do little to stop the invisible warrior that marched alongside the Spaniards—disease. Measles, mumps, smallpox, and typhus were just some of the diseases Europeans were to bring with them to the Americas. Native Americans had never been exposed to these diseases. Thus, they had developed no natural immunity to them. As a result, they died by the hundreds of thousands. By the time Cortés launched his counterattack, the Aztec population had been greatly reduced by smallpox and measles. In time, European disease would truly devastate the natives of central Mexico, killing millions of them.

46. DO NOW:  How were the Spanish able to conquer the Aztecs so quickly? Write a 50 word paragraph answering the question. Unit 3: Lesson 21: LO: What impact did the discovery of the Americas have on Europe and America?

47. For the people already living in the newly ‘discovered’ countries these were not voyages of discovery at all. They were voyages of conquest. The newly ‘discovered’ countries were claimed by the European explorers and added to the growing empires of the European countries. The peoples who lived in these countries were powerless to stop the Europeans because the Europeans carried guns. Voyages of conquest?

48. new diseases carried by European sailors wiped out whole peoples the peoples that lived in the newly ‘discovered’ countries were often forced to convert to Christianity or face death millions of them were sold into slavery and transported hundreds of miles from their homes huge quantities of gold, silver, furs, sugar, tea, coffee and spices were taken from the newly ‘discovered’ countries with little offered in return. Effects on the ‘discovered’ peoples There were many negative effects for the people who were ‘discovered’:

49. Religious, economic or political causes? Look at the causes again. Decide whether each is a Religious, Economic or Political reason.

50. The Columbian Exchange

51. Impact of the Columbian Exchange  Perhaps the most important items to travel from the Americas to the rest of the world were corn and potatoes. Both were inexpensive to grow and nutritious. Potatoes, especially, supplied many essential vitamins and minerals. Over time, both crops became an important and steady part of diets throughout the world. These foods helped people live longer. Thus they played a significant role in boosting the world’s population. The planting of the first white potato in Ireland and the first sweet potato in China probably changed more lives than the deeds of 100 kings.  Traffic across the Atlantic did not flow in just one direction, however. Europeans introduced various livestock animals into the Americas. These included horses, cattle, sheep, and pigs. Foods from Africa (including some that originated in Asia) migrated west in European ships. They included bananas, black-eyed peas, and yams. Grains introduced to the Americas included wheat, rice, barley, and oats.

52. Impact on the Americas  Disease was just as much a part of the Columbian Exchange as goods and food. The diseases Europeans brought with them, which included smallpox and measles, led to the deaths of millions of Native Americans.  Other diseases Europeans brought with them included influenza, typhus, malaria, and diphtheria.

53. Growth of global trade:  The new markets and new products made available through the discovery of new lands meant that there was a competition between European countries to see which one could take over the most new territory.