1. Americanization The main goal of the ___________________ was to ________________ people of various cultures in to the _____________________ What types of things must people do, say, eat, etc. to be “American”? What were the pros and cons of the Americanization movement?

2. Political Machines Political Machines: organized group that controlled ________________________  Usually political machines belonged to the _____________  Political machines were found in __________ during the late 1800s (New York, Boston, San Francisco, Chicago, etc.)  A city’s political machine would help _______________ in exchange for ____________  For example, a political machine would help an immigrant obtain his ___________________, and in exchange, the immigrant would pledge _________ to the political machine

3. The Structure of a Political Machine City made up of _______ and precincts made up precincts (___________) ___________ (typically the mayor of a city; head of the ____________)  ___________ (tried to get the electoral vote in his ward)  ____________________________ (tried to get voters’ support in a precinct or neighborhood)

4. City Boss Usually the ___________ of the city Controlled who received city jobs and services Tried to solve urban problems to bet voters’ support Helped immigrants with naturalization and finding jobs in exchange for votes Often associated with corrupt practices

5. Voter Fraud Instructing people to use of ________ or the names of people who _____ to placed votes; or instructing one person to __________________________ Could also involve other forms of corruption such ______ (shot of whisky or $1 in exchange for a vote) Political machines were notorious for voter fraud in order _________________________ _______________________: rumors involving Democratic Machine in Chicago winning election for JFK

6. Graft Graft: illegal use of _______________ for personal gain For example, _____ (city political machine could help a business in exchange for cash) __________: another example of graft; city boss gives a business a city contract and allows the business to overcharge for services, the business then sends (or kickbacks) a portion of the overcharge back to the city boss

7. Tammany Hall It was a powerful ___________________ which ran New York City from late 1700s to early 1900s William M. Tweed was its boss (_____________) ____________________: construction contractor charged taxpayers $13 million, but it only cost $3 million to build; difference went to Tweed’s pockets  Tweed caught and goes to prison, but escapes to _______  Caught in Spain thanks to a unflattering ______________!

8. Patronage and Civil Service _________: giving government jobs to people who helped get you elected  Some called it the “___________________” Review: President Jackson’s “_____________” What are the pros and cons of patronage? ___________: jobs in government administration (city, state or federal level)  Reformers wanted to eliminate patronage and replace it with a ________________________________

9. Rutherford B. Hayes and others Hayes:  U.S. president from _____________ (Compromise of 1877?)  Could not convince Congress to adopt ______________  However, he did clean up corruption in ________________ James A. Garfield: __________ by an insane man who did not get a government job (___________); assassin believed that __________________  Shot in back and dies ______________________ _______________: Garfield’s VP, becomes president and passes reform on patronage

10. Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883 Passed in reaction to _________________ and to limit patronage Imposed a _____________ (People who wanted a federal job needed to pass an examination) By 1901, ________________ were civil service positions requiring the passing of an examination Today, police, fire, mail, etc. must pass test What type of questions do you believe are these examinations?