1. General Purpose Machine Tools 1.General classification of machine tools Conventional or traditional machine tools like Lathes, Milling machines, etc. are used more widely for faster material removal by shearing or brittle fracturing. Non-conventional or non-traditional machine tools: like EDM, ECM, USM, etc. which remove material from exotic materials slowly by electro- physical, electro-chemical processes. Modern numerical and computer controlled machine tools: Like CNC lathe, CNC milling

2. General Purpose Machine Tools The basic machine tools which are commonly used for general purposes are: 1. Lathes 2. Drilling machines 3. Shaping machines 4. Planning machines 5. Slotting machines 6. Milling machines 7. Boring machines 8. Hobbing machines 9. Gear shaping machines 10. Broaching machines 11. Grinding machine

3. Classification Of Lathes (a) According to configuration Horizontal -Most common for ergonomic conveniences Vertical - Occupies less floor space, only some large lathes are of this type. (b) According to purpose of use General purpose Very versatile where almost all possible types of operations are carried out on wide ranges of size, shape and materials of jobs; example: centre lathes Single purpose: Only one (occasionally two) type of operation is done on limited ranges of size and material of jobs; example – facing lathe, roll turning lathe etc. Special purpose - Where a definite number and type of operations are done repeatedly over long time on a specific type of blank; example: gear blank machining lathe etc.

4. Classification Of Lathes (c) According to size or capacity Small (low duty) - In such light duty lathes (upto 1.1 kW), only small and medium size jobs of generally soft and easily machinable materials are machined Medium (medium duty) - These lathes of power nearly upto 11 kW are most versatile and commonly used Large (heavy duty) Mini or micro lathe - These are tiny table-top lathes used for extremely small size jobs and precision work; example : swiss type automatic lathe

5. Classification Of Lathes (d) According to degree of automation Non-automatic - Almost all the handling operations are done manually; example: centre lathes Semi-automatic - Nearly half of the handling operations, irrespective of the processing operations, are done automatically and rest manually; example: capstan lathe, turret lathe, copying lathe relieving lathe etc. Automatic - Almost all the handling operations (and obviously all the processing operations) are done automatically; example – single spindle automat (automatic lathe), swiss type automatic lathe, etc. e) According to type of automation Fixed automation - Conventional; example – single spindle automat, swiss type automatic lathe etc. Flexible automation - Modern; example CNC lathe, turning centre etc.

6. Classification Of Lathes (f) According to configuration of the jobs being handled Bar type - Slender rod like jobs being held in collets Chucking type - Disc type jobs being held in chucks (g) According to precision Ordinary Precision (lathes) - These sophisticated lathes meant for high accuracy and finish and are relatively more expensive. (h) According to number of spindles Single spindle -Common Multispindle (2, 4, 6 or 8 spindles) Such uncommon lathes are suitably used for fast and mass production of small size and simple shaped jobs.

9. Kinematics System And Working Principle Of Lathes

10. Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes Facing Centering Rough and finish turning Chamfering, grooving, etc Axial drilling and reaming by holding the cutting tool in the tailstock barrel Taper turning by 1.offsetting the tailstock 2.swivelling the compound slide 3.using form tool with taper over short length 4.using taper turning attachment if available 5.combining longitudinal feed and cross feed, if feasible. Boring (internal turning); straight and taper Forming; external and internal Cutting helical threads; external and internal Parting off Knurling

11. Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes Turning Facing

12. Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes Grooving Parting

13. Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes Threading Drilling

14. Machining Operations Usually Done In Centre Lathes Boring Reaming Tapping

15. Basic purposes of use of drilling machines Drilling machines are generally or mainly used to originate through or blind straight cylindrical holes in solid rigid bodies and/or enlarge (coaxially) existing (pre-machined) holes : –of different diameter –of varying length depending upon the requirement and the diameter of the drill –in different materials excepting very hard or very soft materials like rubber, polythene etc.

16. Classification of drilling machines A)General purpose drilling machines of common use Table top small sensitive drilling machine: These small capacity (≤ 0.5 kW) upright (vertical) single spindle drilling machines are mounted (bolted) on rigid table and manually operated using usually small size (φ≤ 10 mm) drills.

17. Classification of drilling machines A)General purpose drilling machines Pillar drilling machine :These drilling machines are quite similar to the table top drilling machines but of little larger size and higher capacity (0.55 ~ 1.1 kW) and are grouted on the floor (foundation).

18. Classification of drilling machines A)General purpose drilling machines Column drilling machine: These box shaped column type drilling machines are much more strong, rigid and powerful than the pillar drills. In column drills the feed gear box enables automatic and power feed of the rotating drill at different feed rates as desired.

19. Classification of drilling machines A)General purpose drilling machines Radial drilling machine: This usually large drilling machine possesses a radial arm which along with the drilling head can swing and move vertically up and down. The radial, vertical and swing movement of the drilling head enables locating the drill spindle at any point within a very large space required by large and odd shaped jobs.

20. Classification of drilling machines A)General purpose drilling machines CNC column drilling machine : In these versatile and flexibly automatic drilling machine having box-column type rigid structure the work table movements and spindle rotation are programmed and accomplished by Computer Numerical Control (CNC). Hand drills: hand drill is a portable drilling device which is mostly held in hand and used at the locations where holes have to be drilled.

21. Classification of drilling machines B) General purpose drilling machines with more specific use Gang drilling machine: This is almost single purpose and more productive machine a number (2 to 6) of spindles with drills (of same or different size) in a row are made to produce number of holes progressively or simultaneously

22. Classification of drilling machines B) General purpose drilling machines with more specific use Turret (type) drilling machine: Turret drilling machines are structurally rigid column type but are more productive like gang drill by having a pentagon or hexagon turret.

23. Classification of drilling machines B) General purpose drilling machines with more specific use Multispindle drilling machine: In these high production machine tools a large number of drills work simultaneously on a blank through a jig specially made for the particular job. The entire drilling head works repeatedly using the same jig for batch or lot production of a particular job.

24. Classification of drilling machines B) General purpose drilling machines with more specific use Deep hole drilling machine : Very deep holes of L/D ratio 6 to even 30 Machining Parameters: Cutting motion Feed motion In drilling machines, generally both the cutting motion and feed motion are imparted to the drill.

25. Milling machines

26. Classification of Milling machines According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table Knee type: small and medium duty machines the table with the job/work travels over the bed (guides) in horizontal (X) and transverse (Y) directions and the bed with the table and job on it moves vertically (Z) up and down.

27. Classification of Milling machines According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table Bed type : Usually of larger size and capacity; the vertical feed is given to the milling head instead of the knee type bed

28. Classification of Milling machines According to configuration and motion of the work-holding table Planer type : These heavy duty large machines, called plano-miller, look like planing machine where the single point tools are replaced by one or a number of milling heads; generally used for machining a number of longitudinal flat surfaces simultaneously.

29. Milling machines Rotary table type : This high production milling machines possess one large rotary work-table and one or two vertical spindles. the positions of the job(s) and the milling head are adjusted according to the size and shape of the job.

30. Classification of Milling machines According to the orientation of the spindle(s). Horizontal spindle type:

31. Classification of Milling machines According to the orientation of the spindle(s). Vertical spindle type:

32. Classification of Milling machines According to the orientation of the spindle(s). Universal head milling machine: