1. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Describe the outcome of the election of 1800. Explain Jefferson’s policies as President. Discuss the importance of Marbury v. Madison. Objectives

2. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Terms and People Thomas Jefferson – third President of the United States, elected in 1800 Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s running mate in the 1800 election laissez faire – the idea that the government should not interfere in the economy John Marshall – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court under President Jefferson judicial review – the authority of the Supreme Court to strike down unconstitutional laws

3. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office How did Jefferson chart a new course for the government? In 1800, President John Adams ran for reelection against Thomas Jefferson. Federalists supported John Adams. Republicans supported Thomas Jefferson.

4. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office By receiving 73 electoral votes, Jefferson defeated Adams. Federalists threatened civil war if Jefferson were elected. Republicans accused John Adams of creating a monarchy. The election of 1800 was viciously contested.

5. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson Thomas Jefferson - 73 VotesAaron Burr - 73 Votes The House of Representatives had to break the tie. They voted for Jefferson to be President and Burr to be Vice President. However, Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes.

6. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office To avoid this situation in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment. Twelfth Amendment From 1804 on, electors would vote separately for President and Vice President.

7. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson was the first President to be inaugurated in Washington, D.C., the new capital. In his inaugural address, Jefferson urged all Americans to unite. Jefferson chose a less aristocratic ceremony. In the past: The President rode to the inauguration in a fancy carriage. People bowed to the President. At Jefferson’s inauguration: Jefferson walked to the ceremony. People did not bow. They shook Jefferson’s hand.

8. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson thought of his election as the “Revolution of 1800.” His first goal was to limit the power of the federal government. Jefferson vowed to change many of the policies of George Washington and John Adams. He believed in the idea of laissez faire, from the French term for “let alone.”

9. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson created new Republican policies and kept some existing Federalist policies. RepublicanFederalist

10. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson also targeted the Sedition Act, which he had long opposed. Many people had been convicted and fined under the act. Others had been imprisoned. Jefferson ordered the fines refunded. Jefferson released the prisoners.

11. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office One Federalist who did not keep his job was Judge William Marbury. Adams had appointed Marbury and other judges in his last hours as President. When Jefferson took office, he ordered Secretary of State James Madison to cease work on the appointments.

12. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson’s decision led to the landmark Supreme Court case, Marbury v. Madison. William Marbury sued James Madison. This act gave the Supreme Court the power to review any case against a federal official. Marbury cited the Judiciary Act of 1789.

13. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The ruling stated that the Court’s power came from the Constitution, not Congress. In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled that the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional. Under the Judiciary Act, the Supreme Court’s power came from Congress. Therefore, Congress did not have the right to give power to the Supreme Court in the Judiciary Act. Supreme Court Congress Constitution

14. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Chief Justice John Marshall used this case to establish the principle of judicial review. This gives the Supreme Court the authority to strike down unconstitutional laws. Judicial review remains one of the most important powers of the Supreme Court. Unconstitutional laws

15. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Explain the importance of New Orleans and the crisis over its port. Describe how the United States gained the Louisiana Purchase. Discuss Lewis and Clark’s expedition. Objectives

16. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Set Questions: 1.Why was New Orleans important to American farmers? 2. Who did we buy Louisiana from? 3. How did Haiti play a role in the purchase of the Louisiana Territory? 4. Who were the negotiators in the Louisiana Purchase deal? - Use page 314 if necessary

17. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office What do you think this was used for?

18. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Terms and People expedition – a long and carefully organized journey Meriwether Lewis – army captain chosen by Jefferson to lead the exploration of the West William Clark – Lewis’s coleader continental divide – the place on the continent that separates river systems flowing in opposite directions Zebulon Pike – explored the southern part of the Louisiana territory from 1805–1807

19. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office What was the importance of the purchase and exploration of the Louisiana Territory? The tide of westward settlement speeded up in the years after America’s independence. By 1800, more than one million settlers lived between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River.

20. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Farmers shipped goods down the Mississippi to the port of New Orleans. Most western settlers were farmers who relied on the Mississippi River. From there, goods were loaded on ships and carried to markets across the Atlantic.

21. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Spain, which controlled the Mississippi River and New Orleans, threatened to close the port to American ships. Pinckney Treaty This treaty guaranteed Americans’ right to ship goods down the Mississippi River to New Orleans. To prevent this, the U.S. negotiated the Pinckney Treaty with Spain in 1795.

22. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Westerners demanded war with Spain. Later, after the treaty had been signed, Spain withdrew Americans’ right to ship goods through New Orleans.

23. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson feared that France would become dominant in America, as it was becoming in Europe. If this happened, westward expansion of the United States would be blocked. French territory To make matters worse, Jefferson learned that Spain had secretly given its Louisiana Territory to France.

24. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson decided to try to buy New Orleans from the French. He sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to make a deal. When they arrived in France, they discovered that the situation had shifted yet again.

25. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Without Haiti, France would have trouble defending Louisiana in the event of a war. The French had been driven from their colony on Haiti.

26. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Who was the Emperor of France at this time? Napoleon Bonaparte

27. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Also, war between France and Britain was looming. Napoleon needed money for the war. BritainFrance

28. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Because of France’s situation, Monroe and Livingston received a surprising offer. France offered to sell the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. Louisiana New Orleans

29. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office What would you have done? Bought the territory from France or Said no thanks, I’m not allowed to Remember, technically he did NOT have the authority to do so.

30. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Jefferson hesitated to approve the purchase. In the end, Jefferson decided that the purchase was constitutional because the President is able to make treaties with foreign countries. Was it constitutional?

31. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office After buying the Louisiana Territory in 1803, Thomas Jefferson was eager to have it explored and mapped.

32. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office In 1803, Jefferson convinced Congress to fund a western expedition. Meriwether Lewis He chose two army officers to lead the exploration. William Clark

33. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Identify three things you think would be most important when going on an expedition in 1804. (non-living)

34. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Identify one animal you think would be most valuable when going on an expedition in 1804.

35. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Goals of the western expedition Report back on the natural features of the region. Look for a waterway from the Mississippi to the Pacific Ocean. Make contact with Native Americans.

36. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Lewis and Clark left St. Louis in the spring of 1804 and explored the northern part of the Louisiana Territory.

37. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Lewis and Clark’s expedition lasted for over two years. July 1804August 1804October 1804 The party reached the mouth of the Platte River, which feeds into the Missouri River. The expedition followed the Missouri River from St. Louis to the Rocky Mountains.

38. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office July 1804August 1804October 1804 They met with Native Americans for the first time. The Americans promised to give the tribes military support and trading rights in exchange for peace.

39. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office July 1804August 1804October 1804 They camped in what is now North Dakota for the winter. They were joined by Sacagawea, a Shoshone translator.

40. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office August 1805November 1805March 1806 The party reached the continental divide. They did not find a waterway to the Pacific. Instead, they had to navigate rapids in their canoes.

41. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office August 1805November 1805March 1806 They reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They began the return journey, which took about half a year.

42. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The journey of Lewis and Clark led many Americans to feel a sense of duty to expand west.

43. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office From 1805 to 1807, Zebulon Pike explored the southern part of the Louisiana Territory.

44. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Pike’s reports increased U.S. interest in the region. Pike headed west to the Rocky Mountains. Partway up a mountain, he was forced to turn back. Today, this mountain is known as Pike’s Peak. Rocky Mountains Pike’s Peak Pike returned home through Spanish New Mexico.

45. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Closing Questions: 1.Why did Jefferson authorize the Lewis and Clark expedition? 2. Who authorized the $2,500 to fund the expedition? 3.What things did Sacagawea do for the expedition? 4.What were some of the geographic obstacles faced by the expedition? 5.What were some of the biological obstacles faced by the expedition? Learning Target Question: What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase? Include 3 different reasons why the purchase was important and answer the question in 3 sentences.

46. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Explain why the United States declared war on Britain. Describe what happened in the early days of the war. Discuss the American invasion of Canada and the fighting in the South. Identify the events leading to the end of the War of 1812. Objectives

47. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Terms and People nationalism – pride in one’s country war hawk – one who is eager for war; specifically, an American who favored war with Britain in 1812 blockade – the action of shutting a port or road to prevent people or supplies from coming into an area or leaving it Oliver Hazard Perry – commander of American troops that fought the British on Lake Erie in 1812

48. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Terms and People (continued) Andrew Jackson – took command of American forces in Georgia in the summer of 1813 secede – to withdraw

49. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Set Questions: Use each of the following key terms in a sentence: Nationalism War Hawk Blockade Secede 1.What are some reasons nations go to war? 2.Is the United States of America at war currently?

50. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office What were the causes and effects of the War of 1812? Tension with Britain was high when James Madison took office in 1809. Causes of the war: Britain armed Native Americans… …and continued impressment of U.S. sailors. American anger toward Britain

51. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Many Americans felt a new sense of American nationalism at this time. In 1810, nationalists Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun joined the House of Representatives. They and their supporters were called war hawks. They supported war with Britain.

52. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The British vowed to continue impressment. Relations with Britain worsened steadily in early 1812. In June 1812, Congress declared war on Britain. Native Americans began new attacks on settlers.

53. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The war did not come at a good time for the British, who were still at war in Europe. However, Britain refused to meet American demands to avoid war. America Britain France

54. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Americans were confident that they would win the war. However, the U.S. was not prepared. Jefferson’s spending cuts had weakened the military. The navy had only 16 warships ready for action. The army had fewer than 7,000 soldiers.

55. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The War of 1812 was fought on several fronts. One important area was along the Atlantic coast.

56. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office In August 1812, the USS Constitution defeated the British warship Guerrière in the North Atlantic. The ship’s thick wooden hull earned it the nickname “Old Ironsides.”

57. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Battles: Despite the victory of the Constitution, Britain was able to set up a blockade of the American coast. Britain had closed off all American ports by the war’s end.

58. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The Great Lakes and the Mississippi River were also important fronts.

59. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office In July 1812, the British defeated American troops in Canada. They captured over 2,000 U.S. soldiers. Both sides won key battles during the war in the West. In 1813, U.S. troops led by Oliver Hazard Perry won control of Lake Erie at the Battle of Put-In-Bay.

60. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Oliver Hazard Perry’s victory at Lake Erie was a key victory for the Americans. The British were forced to retreat back into Canada. U.S. troops pursued and defeated the British in the Battle of the Thames.

61. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Native Americans suffered defeat both in Canada and in the South. In March 1814, U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson defeated Creek warriors at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, in Georgia. The treaty that ended the fighting forced the Creeks to give up millions of acres of land.

62. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office In 1814, the British defeated Napoleon. This allowed Britain to send many more troops to fight against America. AmericaFrance Britain

63. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Many New Englanders opposed the war, because the British blockade was hurting their trade. As the war dragged on, Federalists expressed their opposition by calling it “Mr. Madison’s War.”

64. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office In 1814, opposition was so high that delegates at the Hartford Convention suggested that New England secede from the United States. United States New England

65. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office The British made their final attacks in 1814. In August 1814, they attacked Washington, D.C. The President fled; the capitol was burned. On September 13, they moved on to Fort McHenry in Baltimore. Americans won this battle, which also inspired the U.S. national anthem.

66. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Britain had tired of war. On Christmas Eve, 1814 the two sides signed the Treaty of Ghent. Before this news reached the U.S., Americans won a final victory in the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815. Treaty of Ghent Ended the war Returned things to the way they had been before the war

67. Chapter 9 Section 1 Jefferson Takes Office Americans felt pride and confidence. The United States had secured independence from Britain once and for all. The Hartford Convention ended quickly. Effects of the End of the War of 1812