1. Regulation and Control

2. the water content of the body water leaves the body via the lungs when we breathe out and via the skin when we sweat, and excess water is lost via the kidneys in the urine temperature to maintain the temperature at which enzymes work best blood sugar levels to provide the cells with a constant supply of energy.

3. The conditions inside the body must be controlled within narrow limits. This is called homeostasis. These include water content, ion content, body temperature and blood glucose concentration.water temperatureglucose

4. The pancreas monitors and controls blood glucose concentration. It produces a hormone called insulin that reduces blood glucose levels.

5. Diabetes is a disease where the concentration of glucose in the blood is not controlled properly by the body. In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. There are 2 types of treatment: Careful monitoring of food intake, with particular care over carbohydrates. Injecting insulin into the blood before meals. The extra insulin causes glucose to be taken up by the liver and other tissues so the blood glucose concentration stays normal.

6. Temperature regulation Human enzymes work best at 37ºC, so the body’s temperature needs to be controlled. A part of the brain called the thermoregulatory centre monitors and controls body temperature. It gathers information as from temperature receptors (nerve endings) in the brain and the skin.

7. The thermoregulatory centre is the part of the brain that monitors and controls body temperature.

8. Homeostasis The conditions inside the body must be controlled within narrow limits. This process is known as ______________. The conditions which must be controlled include water content, ion content, body temperature and __________ glucose concentration. The_________ ________ is the part of the brain that monitors and controls body temperature. The _______________ monitors and controls blood glucose concentration. It produces a hormone called insulin that reduces blood ___________ levels. Diabetes is a disease which can be caused by insufficient _________.

9. The endocrine system co-ordinates the body’s organs so that they work together. The endocrine system is based on the production of chemical messengers called hormones. Hormones are produced by glands (endocrine glands) in different parts of the body. These chemical messengers produced in very small quantities and transported in the blood. The endocrine system Hormones control body processes that require several organs of the body to interact.

10. Many processes in the body are controlled by chemical substances called hormones. Hormones are secreted by glands and are transported to their target organs in the bloodstream.

11. adrenal gland adrenalin vital organs, eg liver and heart Prepares body for action: “fight or flight”. ovaryoestrogen ovaries, uterus, pituitary gland Controls puberty and the menstrual cycle in females; stimulates production of LH and suppresses the production of FSH in the pituitary gland. ovaryprogesteroneuterus Maintains the lining of the womb; suppresses FSH production in the pituitary gland. pancreasinsulinliverControls blood sugar levels. pituitary gland anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) kidney Controls blood water level by triggering uptake of water in kidneys. pituitary gland follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) ovaries Triggers egg ripening and oestrogen production in ovaries. pituitary gland luteinising hormone (LH) ovaries Triggers egg release and progesterone production in ovaries. testestestosterone male reproductive organs Controls puberty in males.

12. Produces the hormone thyroxine: Regulates rate of metabolism. Excess causes hyperactivity. Deficiency causes overweight and sluggishness. Endocrine glands – thyroid thyroid

13. Endocrine glands – adrenal glands adrenal glands Produce the hormone adrenaline. Adrenaline causes the ‘fight or flight’ response resulting in: Increased heart rate and breathing rate. Blood diverted to the muscles. Increased respiration to increase the amount of glucose in the blood.

14. ovaries Endocrine glands – reproductive organs In females, ovaries produce several hormones: oestrogen Controls the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. Regulates menstrual cycle, progesterone Thickens uterine wall. Prevents contractions until a baby is being born.

15. FSH is secreted by the pituitary gland and causes eggs to mature in the ovaries, it also stimulates the ovaries to produce hormones including oestrogen. Oestrogen inhibits the production of more FHS and stimulates the pituitary gland to produce a hormone called LH. LH causes the mature egg to be released from the ovary Several other hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle of a woman;

16. pituitary gland In women, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutenising hormone (LH) Are both produced by the pituitary gland. Endocrine glands – pituitary gland

17. The levels of each hormone fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle.

18. Oh Ovary! How lovely and round are you! Along with your twin, Half cells do you make. To travel down the fallopian On the journey to its final resting place. Perhaps along the way, A sperm you will meet. To mate and to multiply, Till 9 months past, A screaming beast do you create!

19. The uses of hormones in controlling fertility include: Oral contraceptives (“the pill”) contains oestrogen or a mixture of oestrogen and progesterone. The oestrogen stops FSH therefore preventing eggs from maturing in the ovaries. FSH can be given as a ‘fertility drug’ to a woman whose own level of FSH is too low to stimulate eggs to mature.

20. testes Endocrine glands – reproductive organs In males, testes produce the hormone testosterone: Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics such as a hairy chest and deep voice.

21. pituitary gland The pituitary gland produces several other hormones: growth hormone Promotes bone and muscular growth. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Controls reabsorption of water into the blood by kidneys. thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Controls the endocrine function of the thyroid gland. Endocrine glands – pituitary gland

22. Endocrine glands – pancreas pancreas Produces the hormone insulin: Controls the conversion of blood glucose to insoluble glycogen, which is stored in the liver. Increases metabolic rate by stimulating cellular glucose uptake. Increases protein synthesis in some cells.

23. Insulin Thyroid Thyroxine Adrenal Adrenaline Pancreas Testes Testosterone Ovaries Oestrogen and Progesterone Match up the hormone to the gland

24. The Menstrual Cycle 1)What are the roles of the hormones LH, FSH and Oestrogen? 2)What effect would taking oestrogen tablets have? 3)Which hormone could be used to promote fertility?