1. BIOLOGY COMMUNITY ECOLOGY PRESENTED BY: 1. WAN ANIS SYAZWANI BINTI MOHD HANAFI 2. SITI WAJIHAH BINTI ABDUL JABAR 3. SITI SALWA BINTI MD NOOR 4. FATIN 5. KHADIJAH BINTI ABADI 6. NURUL NABILAH BINTI SETAPA

2. 2.0 SYMBIOSIS  Literally means ‘living together’.  Five types of symbiosis: 1. Commensalism 2. Mutualism 3. Parasitism 4. Amensalism 5. Synnecrosis

3. COMMENSALISM  An association between two different species where one species enjoys a benefit while the other is not significantly affected.  The benefits for one organism can be in a variety of forms, including food, shelter, transportation and seed dispersal.

4. The examples of Commensalism: Barnacles and Whales Monarch Butterfly and Milkweed Pseudo Scorpions and Beetles

5. The examples of Commensalism: Remora Fish and Shark Decorator Crab and Sea Sponge Birds following Army Ants

6. MUTUALISM  The way two organisms of different species exist in relationship in which each individual from the activity of the other.  examine the species involved and see if they are both receiving benefits, such as food, shelter, protection, dispersal, or any other activity that aides in the success of the organism.

7. The examples of mutualism: The buffalo and starlings The bees and flowers Anemone and clownfish

8. The examples of mutualism: Digestive bacteria and human The protozoa and termites

9. PARASITISM  a relationship between two organisms where one is usually harmed and the other gets benefits from the relationship  Parasites are smaller than their host organism and can reproduce quicker, causing more damage to the host.

10. The examples of parasitism: Lice in human head The guava and fruit flies The tapeworm in human body

11. 2.1 COMPETITION  Competition is also known as competitive interaction.  An interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another.  One of many interacting biotic and abiotic factors that affect community structure.

12. CATEGORIES: INTRASPESIFIC Same species To obtain food, mate and territory When a resource is in short supply that used by one it is not available to the other (exploitation). INTERSPECIFIC Different species To obtain water, food and minerals When an action or substance produced by one is directly harmful to the other (interference).

13. Outcomes of Competition: Coexistence Competitive Exclusion Mutual Extinction

14. 2.2 PREDATION Predation is a biological interaction where a predator feeds on its prey.biological interaction The words "predator" and "prey" are almost always used to mean only animals that eat animals, but the same concept also applies to plants Predators may or may not kill their prey prior to feeding on them, but the act of predation often results in the death of its prey and the eventual absorption of the prey's tissue through consumption.feeding

15. Examples of predator-prey(animals): A South China tiger feeding on the the blesbuckSouth China tigerblesbuck Indian pythonIndian python swallowing a smallchital deerchital deer Meat antsMeat ants feeding on a cicadacicada

16. ADAPTATION & BEHAVIOUR  Predator and prey species are in an evolutionary arms race to maximize their respective abilities to obtain food or avoid being eaten. This interaction has resulted in a vast array of adaptations in both groups.evolutionary arms raceadaptations  Types of Adaptations:  Camouflage  Mimicry  Types of Behaviors:  Chemical Weapons  Mobbing

17. CAMOUFLAGE  Camouflage consists of not only color but also shape and pattern. The background upon which the organism is seen can be both its environment  For example, the praying mantis to the right resembling dead leaves.praying mantis  The more convincing camouflage is, the more likely it is that the organism will go unseen.

18. MIMICRY  Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. Mimicry  For example, batesian mimicry is the io moth, ( Automeris io ), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes.batesian mimicryio mothowl

19. CHEMICAL WEAPONS  Some organisms have evolved chemical weapons that are effective deterrents against predation.  It is most common in insects, but the skunk is a particularly dramatic mammalian example.insectsskunk mammalian  For example, the Pacific beetle cockroach, which sprays a quinone mixture from modified spiracles, or the ornate moth, which acquires toxins from its larval food plant that deter most of its predators.Pacific beetle cockroachquinonespiraclesornate moth

20. MOBBING  Mobbing behavior occurs when members of a species drive away their predator by cooperatively attacking or harassing it. Most frequently seen in birds, mobbing is also seen in other social animals. Mobbing behaviorcooperativelybirds  For example, nesting gull colonies are widely seen to attack intruders, including humans.gull