1. Kuwait university College of Engineering and Petroleum Chemical Engineering Department

2. WWWWhat is global warming?  Fossil fuels  Coal  Natural Gas

3.  CO 2 is a colorless, odorless gas which contains 2 double bonds Molecular formula CO 2 Molar Mass 44.0095 g/mol Appearance Colorless gas Boiling point -78 ˚C Melting point -57 ˚C Density 1600 g/L – solid 1.98g/L solubility in water 1.45 g/L Viscosity 0.07 cP

4.  Stationary CementCement Oil/Gas refineriesOil/Gas refineries Ethanol ProductionEthanol Production Thermal power plantsThermal power plants  Non-Stationary

5.  Ranked 37 th in CO 2 emissions StationNatural Gas (ton/yr) Shwaikh Shuaiba Doha east Doha west Al-Zour Sobiya 1185.039 5462.154 2250.827 1962.23 4378.936 490.825

6. TTTThere are 5 main plants in Kuwait Shuweikh Subiya Doha east Doha west Shuiaba Al Zour

7.  3 main refineries in Kuwait Mina AbdullaMina Abdulla Mina AL-AhmediMina AL-Ahmedi Shuaiba refineryShuaiba refinery Refinery Hydrogen plant (ton/day) Combustion units (ton/day) AL-Ahmadi215011666 Mina Abdullah20006666 Shuaiba16706666

8.  Cement is the most abundant manufactured material in the world and used in concrete as one of the world's most commonly used building materials.  The consumption of cement in Kuwait in year 2006 was 4.6 million tons and until 2011 will be around 9million tons. In Kuwait there is just one company that has a plant in Shuaiba for cement packing; it is called Kuwait cement company.

9.  Post combustion: Flue gas is injected into liquid solvent that absorbs CO 2  Pre-combustion: Fuel is converted to CO and H2 by heating with air/oxygen  Oxy-fuel combustion: Oxygen is burned with hydrocarbons to produce an exhaust with high concentration of CO2

10.  Absorption  Chemical  Physical  Adsorption  Cryogenic  Membrane

11. Carbon dioxide is separated by chemical absorption in 2 steps:  CO 2 is absorbed by a chemical solvent at low Temperature  CO 2 is recovered by steam injection at high temperatures  Chemical absorption has capture efficiency higher than 90% with CO2 purity of 99%

12.  Amines MEA DEA TEA

13. There are other types of chemical absorption such as:  Inorganic Uses Sodium hydroxide to remove CO 2

14.  More suitable for higher partial pressure  CO 2 is absorbed in solvent according to Henrys law  Most common types: Purisol Purisol Rectisol Rectisol Selexol Selexol Sulfinol Sulfinol Flour Flour

15.  Hybrid absorption uses solvents which offer both chemical and physical absorption.  It is currently used with coal syngas to remove CO 2

16.  Pressure swing adsorption (PSA)  Temperature swing adsorption (TSA)  Electric swing adsorption (ESA)

17.  Used mainly in streams which have high concentrations of CO 2.  CO 2 is physically separated from other gases and condensed into liquid form to be transported.

18.  Gas separation membranes Depends on differences between chemical or physical interactions between gases and a membrane Depends on solubility or diffusivity of the gas molecules in the membrane  Gas absorption membranes Diffused CO 2 is absorbed by a solvent on the other side of the membrane

19. EEnhanced oil recovery SSoft drinks DDecaffeination FFreezing and dry ice

20.  Techniques used to increase amount of oil extracted of oil field.  30-60% of oil can be extracted.  CO 2 is injected to reservoir to expand and push additional oil.

21.  CO 2 dissolves in oil to lower its viscosity.  Improve oil flow rate.  Minimize operating cost.  Costs only 5-8.0$ per ton of CO 2 which compared to the increased extraction of oil are low.

22.  CO 2 carbonates soft drinks to prevent fungal and bacterial growth.  CO 2 is used in soda water which is plain water into which CO 2 gas has been dissolved.  The process of dissolving CO 2 gas is called carbonation.

23.  Removing caffeine from coffee beans, cocoa, tea leaves and other caffeine containing materials

24.  Pre-steamed beans are soaked in a liquid bath of CO 2 at 300-73 atm.  Pressure is reduced allowing the CO 2 to evaporate to remove the caffeine.  CO is then used on another batch of beans  This processes advantage is that it avoids the use of potentially toxic solvents

25.  Liquid or solid CO 2 is used for quick freezing.  Steps of making dry ice: CO 2 containing a high concentration of CO 2 are produced. CO 2 rich gas is pressurized and refrigerated until it changes into its liquid form.

26.  Pressure is reduced, leading some liquid CO 2 vapors and this causes a rapid lowering of temperature  Solid CO 2 is compressed into either small pellets or larger blocks

27. Utilization of CO 2 has become an important global issue due to the significant and continous rise in atmospheric CO 2 concentrations The most common types of CO2 utilization in petrochemical industries are: A) Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) production B) Acetic Acid production C) Ethyl Alcohol production D) Styrene production E) Propylene production F) Dimethyl Ether (DME) production

28. a)Dimethyl Carbonate production Dimethyl carbonate, often abbreviated DMC, is a flammable clear liquid boiling at 90°C, insoluble in water. The properties of DMC Molecular formulaC3H6O3 Molar MassC3H6O390.08 g/mol AppearanceClear liquid Boiling point90 ˚C Melting point2 -4 ˚C Density1.069 – 1.073 g/ml solubility in waterInsoluble HazardsFlammable

29.  Uses: It is used as organic solvent and additive for fuels Used as synthetic lubricants and solvents Used in the synthesis of polycarbonate  Production of DMC Di-methyl carbonate was produced from a chemical reaction between phosgene and methanol as follows : 2CH 3 OH + COCL 2 CH 3 -OCOO-CH 3 +2HCL

30. The disadvantage of this reaction: 1.Phosgene is a colourless gas previously used as a chemical weapon during World War I 2.Phosgene is also considered a poisonous and extremely toxic gas which is not safe to use Producing DMC by carbon monoxide Considered a cleaner and safer alternative by replacing phosgene with CO and O 2 by the following reaction: CH2 3 OH 2 CO + CH 3 -OCOO-CH 3 + H 2 O

33. b) Acetic Acid  It is produced from the reaction of carbon monoxide with methanol under the influence of a rhodium complex catalyst.  The reaction: CO + CH 3 OH → CH 3 COOH c) Ethyl Alcohol  It is produced by utilization of zeolites or silica aerogels impregnated with phosphoric acid.  The reaction:

34. d) Styrene production  The reaction: C 6 H 5 C 2 H 5 + CO 2 H 2 O + CO + C 6 H 5 C 2 H 3 e) Propylene production  The reactions: CO 2 + 3H 2 → CH 3 OH +H 2 O 3CH 3 OH → C 3 H 6 + 3H 2 O

35. f) Dimethyl ether (DME) Methanol synthesis reaction (from CO): CO + 2H 2 CH 3 OH Methanol synthesis reaction (from CO 2 ): CO 2 + 3H 2 CH 3 OH + H 2 O Methanol dehydration reaction: 2CH 3 OH CH 3 OCH 3 + H 2 O

36. THANK YOU