1.  EMPEROR CHARLES V 1. Holy Roman Emperor 2. Austrian Habsburg lands 3. Bohemia 4. Hungary 5. Low Countries 6. Southern Italy 7. Spain  Goals of Charles V 1. Keep control over huge empire 2. Maintain Catholicism in empire

2. 1. THE FRENCH 2. THE PAPACY 3. THE TURKS 4. INTERNAL PROBLEMS IN GERMANY

3.  Francis I of France –> great rival to Charles V  The Habsburg-Valois Wars  Charles expected support from the pope to put down Lutheranism in Germany -> pope is afraid of Charles’ power in Italy -> joins with Francis I and France  The Ottoman Turks 1. new threat to Charles in the East 2. Suleiman the Magnificent – sultan of the Ottomans = greatest of the Ottoman leaders 3. turks conquer Hungary -> move into Austria - > threaten Vienna -> stopped in 1529

4.  By 1530 Charles V is ready to try to deal with Germany1. hundreds of little states 2. opposed a strong emperor  The Schmalkaldic League = alliance of German Protestant princes  The Schmalkaldic Wars  PEACE OF AUGSBURG 1555  Charles steps down as Holy Roman Emperor and retires -> divides his empire in half 1. brother Ferdinand – Germany 2. son Philip – Spain and everything else

5.  The Reformation started as a religious or spiritual conflict  Leads to political conflict = THE WARS OF RELIGION

6.  The Reformation and Lutheranism spreads out of Germany and into 1. Denmark 2. Sweden 3. Norway

7.  Switzerland – 13 self governing cantons  ULRICH ZWINGLI = brings the Reformation to Switzerland  Relics and images abolished, paintings and decorations removed from churches, Mass replaced, music removed from services, monasticism abolished, worship of saints, abolished, pilgrimages abolished, clerical celibacy abolished, papal authority rejected  THE MARBURG COLOQUY 1529  Swiss Civil/Religious War 1531

8.  The most radical/different of the Protestants 1. Rejected infant baptism/only adult baptism 2. Return to the spirit, practices of early church 3. Strict equality and democracy in church 4. Election of ministers 5. Complete separation of church and state 6. Refused to hold political office 7. Refused to serve in military

9.  MUNSTER -> “the New Jerusalem”  JOHN OF LEIDEN  MILLENARIANISM  Menno Simmons -> the Mennonites and Amish