1. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Anthropology Experience Linguistics

2. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Design Features All Systems Share Mode of Communication Pragmatic Function Semanticity

3. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Design Features Some Systems Share Cultural Transmission Discreteness Arbitrariness Interchangeability

4. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Design Features Unique To Human Speech Displacement Stimulus Freedom Productivity

5. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Linguistic Competencies Phonetics Morphology Phonology Syntax

6. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Phonetics Phones: Mouth sounds Phonemes: Phones in a language Acoustic Phonetics: Study of phonemes as soundwaves Auditory Phonetics: Study of phoneme perception Articulatory Phonetics: Study of the physical production of phonemes.

7. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Phonology Rules of Phoneme Combination Limits possible phoneme combinations

8. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Morphology Bound Morphemes Only have meaning in context /s/ /z/ Free Morphemes Have meaning out of context Words /bus/ Assigning meaning to phonemes and phoneme combinations

9. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Syntax The woman hit the man with the lamp Did she hit with a lamp? Was the man holding the lamp? The meaningful arrangement of morphemes and morpheme classes

10. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Language and the Brain Wernicke’s Area Manages morphemes, their phonemes, and their meanings Broca’s Area Applies syntax and sends information to the motor cortex.

11. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Language Acquisition First Stage (Neonate – 6 mos.) Involuntary, uncreative performance Phonetic competency present Babbling Stage (6 mos. – 1yr.) Phoneme production Focus on surrounding phonemes

12. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Language Acquisition Holophrastic Stage (1yr. –2yrs.) Morphemes produced Generalized utterances Two Word Stage (by 2 yrs.) Two word sentences Less generalization of morphemes

13. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Language Acquisition Telegraphic Speech and Beyond Utterances become longer but may lack function words (‘telegraphic speech’) “ball roll down hill” Generalization continues to decrease By 3 ½ years or so, child is more or less a fluent speaker

14. Copyright 2005 Allyn & Bacon Dialects What varies? Phonemes Morphemes Syntax What determines dialect? Geography Subculture Age Class Gender Mutually intelligible variations of the same language