1. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of the Horse Lecture 1

2. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Objectives: Name several members of the genus EquusName several members of the genus Equus List the taxonomy of the modern horseList the taxonomy of the modern horse Describe the 2 schools of thought on the first domestication of the horseDescribe the 2 schools of thought on the first domestication of the horse Describe the evolution of the horseDescribe the evolution of the horse Describe several uses that the horse served over time and presentlyDescribe several uses that the horse served over time and presently Name the explorer that brought the first horses to the United StatesName the explorer that brought the first horses to the United States

3. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Objectives: Describe the history of horses in the United StatesDescribe the history of horses in the United States Describe the present status of the industry in the United StatesDescribe the present status of the industry in the United States

4. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science What is “horse” Derived from Anglo-Saxon hors, meaning swiftnessDerived from Anglo-Saxon hors, meaning swiftness Word “horsemen” comes from the Hebrew root “to prick” or “spur”Word “horsemen” comes from the Hebrew root “to prick” or “spur”

5. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Evolution: Where does the horse fit in the zoological scheme? Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Perissodactyla Family: Equidae Genus: Equus Species: caballus

6. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Eohippus 4-toed ancestor “Dawn Horse” No more than a foot high 4 toes on front feet, 3 toes on back feet. Well adapted to traveling in and feeding on the herbage of swamplands Gradually grew in size and changed in form…evolving into…

7. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Mesohippus About 24 in Horse got taller Teeth got longer/stronger Cannon bones lengthened and formed a hoof, Three toes on the front feet better suited for out running enemies These changes occurred that the animal out of the swamp lands and able to survive in forests and prairies

8. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Pliohippus First single toed evolutionary in history- Single toe continued from the over development of the middle toe.First single toed evolutionary in history- Single toe continued from the over development of the middle toe. Closest to present day horseClosest to present day horse 8000 years ago Equus became extinct in Western Hemisphere until the Spanish brought horses to the New World in the 1400’s8000 years ago Equus became extinct in Western Hemisphere until the Spanish brought horses to the New World in the 1400’s

9. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Evolution of Horse Hoof

10. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Evolution of Horse

11. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Origin/Domestication 2 current schools of thought on domestication:2 current schools of thought on domestication: –1991: report based on archeological evidence, placing earliest domestication and use of horses at 4000 BC in the Ukrainian steppes (treeless, level prairie)

12. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Origin/Domestication 2 current schools of thought on domestication:2 current schools of thought on domestication: –Crediting the Scythian nomads of central Asia as being the first to domesticate and use horses in the 7 th century, BC.

13. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Oriental Light Legged Sometimes referred to as Oriental Light Legged Horses. Were of Asiatic origin…tracing to a wild horse of the Asiatic deserts that is now extinct Gave rise to the most swift and slenderly built breeds of modern times…the Arabian, the Barb, and the Turk are all descendents

14. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Wild Horses of Europe Sometimes referred to as the European forest type One of the pagan practices of the German tribes was the sacrifice of horses and the eating of their meat at religious feasts (worship the horse) Was the wild black horse of Flanders – stocky, more size/scale than the oriental type. More of a draft type… Also Shetland pony ancestors…so variety in size!

15. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Tarpan

16. Przewalski Horse

17. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Early Uses of the Horse

18. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Source of Food First role of horsesFirst role of horses During Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) horses were hunted (prior to domestication)During Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) horses were hunted (prior to domestication) Mares milked for human foodMares milked for human food Horse meat still consumed in many culturesHorse meat still consumed in many cultures

19. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Military Uses

20. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Sport Uses As early as 1450 BC, Greeks introduced horses into Olympics, chariot and horse racing Modern times…many sport uses

21. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Agrarian Uses Use as draft animals fairly recent when compared to previous uses… No evidence to indicate that the horse was used in Europe to plow prior to the 10 th century. Oxen remained the common plow animal until the end of the 18 th century

22. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Agrarian Uses

23. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Agrarian Uses

24. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Presence in North America Fossils remains indicate that members of the horse family roamed the plains of America during Tertiary period…Fossils remains indicate that members of the horse family roamed the plains of America during Tertiary period… No horses were present when Columbus discovered America in 1492No horses were present when Columbus discovered America in 1492 Disappearance still great mystery that is unexplained. Many theories including:Disappearance still great mystery that is unexplained. Many theories including: Contagious disease or fatal parasite Climatic changes, competition, or failure to adapt Conditions were favorable for reestablishment by the SpanishConditions were favorable for reestablishment by the Spanish

25. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of Horses and Mules in the United States Columbus first to bring horses to the West Indies on his second voyage in 1493Columbus first to bring horses to the West Indies on his second voyage in 1493 Cortez brought Spanish horses in 1519 (Mexico – 16 hd at first…then about 1,000 were brought in over the next 2 yrs)Cortez brought Spanish horses in 1519 (Mexico – 16 hd at first…then about 1,000 were brought in over the next 2 yrs)

26. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of Horses and Mules in the United States H orses brought to the “United States” by de Soto in 1539…had 237 horses on his vessels that traveled from the Everglades to the OzarksH orses brought to the “United States” by de Soto in 1539…had 237 horses on his vessels that traveled from the Everglades to the Ozarks Following his death, followers returned via boat, abandoning many of the their horses.Following his death, followers returned via boat, abandoning many of the their horses.

27. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of Horses and Mules in the United States About 1600 – Spanish missions from Rio Grande to Pacific coast Evolution of vaquero horsemanship

28. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Californio Tradition Spanish Style for breaking horsesSpanish Style for breaking horses Hackamore, two-rein, spade bit or up-in the bridleHackamore, two-rein, spade bit or up-in the bridle Ranching lifestyle, way of lifeRanching lifestyle, way of life Pride in improving horse and horsemanshipPride in improving horse and horsemanship VideoVideo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFuC_g6Z Q2M&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFuC_g6Z Q2M&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFuC_g6Z Q2M&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFuC_g6Z Q2M&feature=related

29. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of Horses and Mules in the United States New England: horses became valuable for export to West Indies…led to lucrative horse stealing business!New England: horses became valuable for export to West Indies…led to lucrative horse stealing business! Plantations – need for easy riding saddle horses, racing became commonPlantations – need for easy riding saddle horses, racing became common –By 1730, importation of English racehorses began

30. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of Horses and Mules in the United States

31. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science History of Horses and Mules in the United States

32. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Past uses to Present Day Recreation/ShowRecreation/Show RodeoRodeo RanchingRanching RacingRacing Can you think of any ???Can you think of any ???

33. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science Disciplines EnglishEnglish WesternWestern RodeoRodeo Cow HorsesCow Horses Jumpers/EventersJumpers/Eventers PleasurePleasure

34. ANSC 175: Basic Horse Science

40. Summary: TaxonomyTaxonomy EvolutionEvolution World historyWorld history US historyUS history Present day usePresent day use