2. Systems… A system is an arrangement of components to make a whole or work together.

3. Subsystems A smaller system that is part of a larger more involved system. Examples: –Structural system of a bicycle –Electrical system of a lamp –Gear system of a motorized toy

4. Open and Closed-Loop Systems Open-loop system has no way of adjusting to changing conditions. Does not make use of feedback. –A dryer gets set to a particular time for drying and turns off at the end of that time. Closed-loop system are able to adjust to changing conditions. Uses feedback to adjust, which compares the system feedback to the desired goal. –An advanced dryer has sensors to compare the moisture level of the clothing to the setting and turns the dryer off as needed.

5. Kinds of Systems Engineered –Car –Radio –Computer –Clock –Plumbing –Lamp –Car Exhaust System Natural –Nervous –Digestion –Respiratory –Solar –Water cycle Human-Made School Government Postal Service

6. 4 Parts of a System INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT FEEDBACK

7. Input to a Production System Information Materials/Parts Energy Time Tools/Machines People Capital

8. Inputs That Get Processed Information-processed to change its form to send, receive, store, or retrieve a message or signal. Material-processed to change its size or shape, and physical, chemical, or electrical characteristics. Energy-processed to change its form from one to another. –Mechanical, Electrical, Chemical, Thermal, Light, Nuclear, Sound

9. Systems Thinking Focuses on the system as a whole by studying the relationships among the parts of the system instead of the individual parts.

10. Systems Thinking Understand the needs of stakeholders Develop creative solutions Consider how the system will perform in its life cycle Consider how the subsystems will affect one another. Identify tradeoffs – advantages / disadvantages Managing risks – address what could go wrong Assessing the impact of the overall system

11. Manufacturing Process Identify the components. –Identify the materials of the components. –Identify the information needed to manufacture the system. –Identify the energy converted in making the system.

12. Systems Engineering Involves the application of systems knowledge and systems thinking. Many have a degree in one kind of engineering and then go on to the graduate level for systems engineering. Systems engineers need good communication and leadership skills to coordinate all of the subsystems required to build a larger system such as a passenger airliner.

13. Some Engineered Systems Electrical –Stereo –Computer Mechanical –Gumball Machine –Bicycle Structural –High Building –Bridge

14. Types of Outputs in a System Expected Desired –Generate electricity Expected Undesired –Produce smoke and ash by- products (pollution) Unexpected Desired –Produce heat for a greenhouse facility with waste energy Unexpected Undesired –Cause dead lake from acid rain

15. Output Identify the outputs in a salt water fish tank. –ED –EU –UD –UU (PhotoSW)

16. Systems Produced vs. Used Bicycle produced –Inputs –Process inputs –Outputs –Feedback Bicycle used –Inputs –Process inputs –Outputs –Feedback

17. Feedback Feedback is the extra effect of an output in a system. Can be in the form of Sound, Smell, Images, or Energy What sound, smell, images, or energy is given off in a salt water fish tank?

18. Impacts of a System The outputs of a system are the impacts of technological activity The new problems and benefits created by solutions to other problems What problems have been created from Technology? What benefits have been created from Technology?

19. Trade-off of a System Are created by technological choice Give and take needed to reach a compromise for a solution. –Electric motor boat vs. Gas power motor boat –DSL vs. Dial-Up –College vs. Trade School –3.1 Megapixels vs 5.0 Megapixels What trade-offs exist with the comparisons above?

20. Risks of a System The expected undesired outputs –Known damage –Known ill effects The unexpected undesired outputs –Unforeseen damage –Unknown ill effects What Technology do you know has risks and what are the risks?

21. Sustainability Sustainability means “meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” - EPA “We have a responsibility to sustain - if not enhance - our natural environment and our nation's economy for future generations.” -Steve Johnson, Administrator, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

22. Product Life Cycle and Sustainability

23. EPA Society must be particularly mindful of the long- term threat posed by chemical and biological impacts on the environment. Protecting humans and the environment from toxic chemicals has long been central to EPA's mission and is at the heart of many EPA programs that seek to promote the use of cleaner materials and to reduce material waste and chemical contamination.