1. 25.2 Industrialization The factory system changes the way people live and work, introducing a variety of problems

2. Industrialization Changes Life Factory Work Factories pay more than farms, spur demand for more expensive goods Industrial Cities Rise Urbanization—city-building and movement of people to cities Growing population provides work force and a market for factory goods British industrial cities: London, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool

5. As cities grew, people crowded into tenements and row houses such as these in London As cities grew, people crowded into tenements and row houses such as these in London

8. Industrialization Changes Life Living Conditions Sickness widespread; epidemics, like cholera, sweep urban slums Life span in one large city is only 17 years Wealthy merchants, factory owners live in luxurious suburban homes Rapidly growing cities lack sanitary codes and building codes Cities also without adequate housing, education, and police protection

9. Living Conditions No plans, sanitary codes, or building codes controlled the growth of English cities. They lacked adequate housing, education, and police protection. Unpaved streets had no drainage and collected heaps of garbage. Workers lived in dark, dirty shelters, whole families crowded into one bedroom.

10. Think about your family… Could you all live in ONE BEDROOM?

11. Sickness widespread Cholera epidemics regularly swept through the slums of Great Britain. In 1842, British government study showed an average life span to be 17 years for working- class people in a large city, while it was 38 years for the countryside.

12. Cholera Cholera is an infection of the small intestine that causes a large amount of watery diarrhea. Symptoms: Abdominal cramps; Dry mucus membranes or mouth; Dry skin; Excessive thirst; Glassy or sunken eyes; Lack of tears; Lethargy

14. Industrialization Changes Life Working Conditions Average working day is 14 hours for 6 days a week, year round Dirty, poorly lit factories injure workers Many coal miners killed by coal dust

15. Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830 Age of Worker Male Wages Female Wages under 11 2s 3d. 2s. 4d. 11 - 16 4s. 1d. 4s. 3d. 17 - 21 10s. 2d. 7s. 3d. 22 - 26 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d. 27 - 31 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d. 32 - 36 22s. 8d. 8s. 9d. 37 - 41 21s. 7d. 9s. 8d. 42 - 46 20s. 3d. 9s. 3d. 47 - 51 16s. 7d. 8s. 10d. 52 - 56 16s. 4d. 8s. 4d. 57 - 61 13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.

16. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

17. 18001 ton of coal50, 000 miners 185030 tons200, 000 miners 1880300 million tons500, 000 miners 1914250 million tons1, 200, 000 miners Coal Mining in Britain: 1800-1914

18. Young Coal Miners

19. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

20. Class Tensions Grow The Middle Class Middle class—skilled workers, merchants, rich farmers, professionals Emerging middle class looked down on by landowners and aristocrats Middle class has comfortable standard of living

21. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

22. Class Tensions Grow The Working Class Laborers’ lives not improved; some laborers replaced by machines Luddites and other groups destroy machinery that puts them out of work Unemployment is a serious problem; unemployed workers riot

25. Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution Immediate Benefits Creates jobs, enriches nation, encourages technological progress Education expands, clothing cheaper, diet and housing improve Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions Long-Term Effects Improved living and working conditions still evident today Governments use increased tax revenues for urban developments

26. Case Study: Manchester The Mills of Manchester Manchester has labor, water, power, nearby port at Liverpool. Poor live and work in unhealthy, even dangerous environment Business owners make profits by risking their own money on factories Eventually, working class sees its standard of living rise some

27. Worker Housing in Manchester

28. Factory Workers at Home

29. Case Study: Manchester Children in Manchester Factories Children as young as 6 work in factories; many are injured 1819 Factory Act restricts working age, hours Factory pollution fouls air, poisons river Nonetheless, Manchester produces consumer goods and creates wealth

31. Cigar factory - 1908