1. Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010 Chapter 1 Physical Fitness and Wellness CHAPTER OUTLINE

2. Physical Fitness & Wellness Research findings in the last three decades have shown that physical inactivity and negative lifestyle habits increase the risk for chronic diseases and premature mortality Widespread interest in health and preventive medicine has led to an increase in people participating in organized fitness and wellness programs Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

3. Risks of Physical Inactivity Physically inactive people die younger Technological advances have greatly reduced required daily physical activity About 400,000 deaths in the U.S. are attributed each year to physical inactivity and poor dietary habits Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

4. Life Expectancy Beginning of the 20th century Life expectancy was 47 years Major life threats were infectious diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, influenza, polio, etc. Mid- to late 20th century Infectious diseases eliminated with medical breakthroughs Life expectancy increased to 76.9 years but living the so-called “good life” encouraged chronic diseases: hypertension, coronary heart disease, diabetes, cancer, etc. Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

5. Physical inactivity and poor lifestyle habits have caused an increase in the incidence of chronic diseases 1.1 Causes of Deaths in United States for Selected Years

6. Fitness & Wellness Movement The fitness and wellness movement resulted from the need to combat chronic disease Focus became disease prevention through a healthy lifestyle Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

7. Healthy Life Expectancy in the U.S. Average life expectancy in the U.S. is 77.4 years Healthy life expectancy is defined as the years of illness subtracted from life expectancy The World Health Organization (WHO) calculated in 2000 that the healthy life expectancy of the U.S. was 24 th in the world Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

8. 1.2 Healthy Life Expectancy for Selected Countries

9. 1.3 Leading Causes of Death in the United States

10. Underlying Causes of Death in the United States The top three causes of death in the U.S.— tobacco use, poor diet and inactivity, and alcohol abuse— are responsible for 920,000 deaths each year Tobacco 435,000 Poor diet/inactivity 400,000 Alcohol 85,000 Microbial infections 75,000 Toxic agents 55,000 Motor vehicles 43,000 Firearms 29,000 Sexual behaviors 20,000 Drugs 17,000 Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

11. “ Lifestyle as a Health Problem Almost 80% of deaths in the U.S. today could be prevented through a healthy lifestyle program.” Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

12. Lifestyle as a Health Problem Over 50% of people who die in U.S. die because of what they do More than half of disease is lifestyle-related A fifth is attributed to the environment A tenth is influenced by the health care the individual receives Only 16% is related to genetics The individual controls as much as 84% of vulnerability to disease and quality of life 83% of deaths before age 65 are preventable Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

13. “ Lifestyle as a Health Problem In essence, most people in the United States are threatened by the very lives they lead today.” Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

14. Key Terms Physical Activity: Bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles; requires expenditure of energy and produces progressive health benefits Exercise: A type of physical activity that requires planned, structured, and repetitive bodily movement with the intent of improving or maintaining one or more components of physical fitness Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

15. 1996 Surgeon General’s Report Poor health because of lack of physical activity is a serious public health problem More than 60% of adults do not achieve the recommended amount of physical activity 25% are not physically active at all Almost half of all people between 12 and 21 years of age are not vigorously active on a regular basis Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

16. 1996 Surgeon General’s Report Physical inactivity is more prevalent in Women than men African Americans and Hispanic Americans than whites Older than younger adults Less affluent than more affluent people Less educated than more educated adults Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

17. The 1996 report became a nationwide call to action 1.1 Percent of Total U.S. Adult Population That Regularly Participates in Physical Activity

18. Critical Thinking Do you consciously incorporate physical activity into your daily lifestyle? Can you provide examples? Do you feel that you get sufficient daily physical activity to maintain good health? Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

19. Key Terms Wellness: The constant and deliberate effort to stay healthy and achieve the highest potential for well-being; it integrates seven dimensions Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

20. Wellness Continuum Although an individual may demonstrate adequate or excellent fitness, indulgence in unhealthy lifestyle behaviors will increase risk for chronic diseases and diminish wellness Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

21. Key Terms Physical Wellness: Good physical fitness and confidence in one’s personal ability to take care of health problems Emotional Wellness: The ability to understand one’s own feelings, accept limitations, and achieve emotional stability Mental Wellness: A state in which one’s mind is engaged in lively interaction with the surrounding world; also called intellectual wellness Social Wellness: The ability to relate well to others, both within and outside the family unit Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

22. Key Terms Environmental Wellness: The capability to live in a clean and safe environment that is not detrimental to health Occupational Wellness: The ability to perform one’s job skillfully and effectively under conditions that provide personal and team satisfaction and adequately reward each individual Spiritual Wellness: The sense that life is meaningful, that life has purpose, and that some power brings all humanity together; the ethics, values, and morals that guide one and give meaning and direction to life Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

23. Key Terms Moderate physical activity: Activity that uses 150 calories of energy per day, or 1,000 calories per week Vigorous activity: Any exercise that requires a MET level equal to or greater than 6 METs or 21 ml/kg/min (1 MET = energy expenditure at rest or the equivalent of 3.5 ml/kg/min) Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

24. Studies show an inverse relationship between physical activity and premature mortality rates 1.8 Physical Activity vs. Mortality

25. Although greater improvements in fitness yield a slightly lower risk for premature death, the largest drop is between the low fit and the moderate fit groups 1.9 Fitness Levels vs. Mortality

26. Moderate Physical Activity Provides benefits through regular participation Can prevent premature death, unnecessary illness, and disability For people who are not physically active: Can provide substantial benefits in health and well-being For people who are already moderately active: Greater health and fitness benefits can be obtained when intensity of physical activity is increased Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

27. Key Terms Physical fitness: The ability to meet the ordinary as well as the unusual demands of daily life safely and effectively without being overly fatigued and still have energy left for leisure and recreational activities Health-related fitness: Fitness programs that are prescribed to improve the overall health of the individual, encompasses cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, muscular flexibility, and body composition Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

28. Health-Related Fitness Cardiorespiratory endurance Body composition Muscular strength and endurance Muscular flexibility Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

29. Critical Thinking What role do the four health- related components of physical fitness play in your life? Can you rank in order of importance to you and explain your rationale in doing so?

30. Key Terms Skill-related fitness: Fitness components important for success in skillful activities and athletic events; encompasses agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed Metabolic fitness: Improvements in the metabolic profile through a moderate- intensity exercise program in spite of little or no improvement in physical fitness measures Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

31. Two Fitness Standards Health fitness standard Minimum fitness values required for disease prevention and health Physical fitness standard Higher standard required to achieve good or excellent physical fitness Physical fitness standard Requires more intense exercise to allow people of all ages the freedom to enjoy life’s daily and recreational activities to their fullest potential Current health fitness standards are not enough to achieve these objectives Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

32. Attaining the health fitness standard requires only moderate physical activity For high physical fitness, a high intensity exercise program is required 1.12 Health and Fitness Benefits according to Lifestyle and Physical Activity Program

33. Motor Skill – Related Fitness Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

34. Wellness Programs Provide Multiple health benefits Economic benefits Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

35. Selected Health Benefits Improves cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, and muscular endurance Helps maintain recommended body weight and lean body mass Increases resting metabolic rate Improves the immune system Decreases risk for chronic diseases (cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, osteoporosis) Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

36. Selected Health Benefits Relieves tension and stress Raises energy levels and job productivity Encourages positive lifestyle habits Promotes psychological wellness Helps maintain independent living Extends longevity and slows down the aging process Improves quality of life Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

37. 1.13 Health Care Costs in the U.S. for Selected Years

38. U.S. spends more on yearly health care per person than any other industrialized nation Yet U.S. health care ranks 37th in the world One reason for low ranking is overemphasis on state-of-the art cures instead of prevention 1.14 Estimated 1989 and 1997 Healthcare Costs per Person for Selected Countries

39. Healthy Lifestyle Habits Participate in a lifetime physical activity program Do not smoke cigarettes Eat three nutritious meals each day Avoid meaningless snacking Maintain healthy weight Get enough sleep Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

40. Healthy Lifestyle Habits Control stress Be wary of alcohol Surround yourself with healthy friendships Be informed about the environment Increase education Take personal safety measures Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

41. Two unique goals of the 2010 national health objectives emphasize increased quality and years of healthy life and seek to eliminate health disparities among all groups of people 1.15 2010 National Health Objectives

42. Critical Thinking What are your feelings about lifestyle habits that enhance health and longevity? How important are they to you? What obstacles keep you from adhering to such habits or incorporating new ones into your life? Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

43. Take the Stairs

44. A Personalized Approach In this course you will learn to Implement motivational and behavior modification techniques for wellness Determine whether medical clearance is needed for exercise participation Conduct a nutrient analysis and follow recommendations for adequate nutrition Write your own nutrition and weight-control programs Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

45. A Personalized Approach In this course you will learn to Assess your health- related and skill-related components of fitness Write exercise prescriptions for cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, and muscular flexibility Understand the relationship between fitness and aging Determine your levels of tension and stress, lessen your vulnerability to stress, and implement a stress management program if necessary Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

46. A Personalized Approach In this course you will learn to Follow a cancer risk– reduction program Implement a smoking cessation program, if applicable Avoid chemical dependency and know where to find assistance if needed Learn health consequences of sexually transmitted diseases Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

47. A Personalized Approach In this course you will learn to Write objectives to improve your fitness and wellness and learn how to chart a wellness program for the future Differentiate myths and facts about exercise and health-related concepts Leading U.S. Health Problems Physical Activity and Exercise Surgeon General’s Report Wellness, Fitness, and Longevity Types of Physical Fitness Standards Benefits of a Wellness Program National Health Objectives for 2010

48. End of Chapter